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1、C C OMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATION T THEORYHEORY by Wikibooks contributors From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection Copyright 20042006, Wikibooks contributors. This book is published by Wikibooks contributors. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the ter
2、ms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License“. Image licenses
3、are listed in the section entitled “Image Credits.“ Quotations: All rights reserved to their respetive authors. Principal authors: Halavais Joe Petrick Ashley Anker Carolyn Hurley Albertin Derek Kyounghee Youling Liu Ryankozey The current version of this Wikibook may be found at: http:/en.wikibooks.
4、org/wiki/Communication_Theory Contents What is Communication?6 PERSPECTIVES ON THEORY. 7 Introduction.7 THEORIES that is, theories that present predictions that-if they prove to be incorrect-invalidate the theory. The absence of such questions significantly reduces the value of the theory, since a t
5、heory that cannot be proven false (perhaps) cannot be shown to be accurate, either. Parsimony The law of parsimony (Occams razor) dictates that a theory should provide the simplest possible (viable) explanation for a phenomenon. Others suggest that good theory exhibits an aesthetic quality, that a g
6、ood theory is beautiful or natural. That it leads to an “Aha!“ moment in which an explanation feels as if it fits. Openness Theories, perhaps paradoxically, should not exist to the absolute exclusion of other theories. Theory should not be dogma: it should encourage and provide both for skepticism a
7、nd should-to whatever degree possible-be compatible with other accepted theory. It is important to note that a theory is not “true,“ or “false“ (despite the above discussion of Wikibooks | 5 Chapter 2 falsifiability), but rather better or worse at explaining the causes of a particular event. Especia
8、lly within the social sciences, we may find several different theories that each explain a phenomenon in useful ways. There is value in being able to use theories as “lenses“ through which you can understand communication, and through which you can understand the world together with other scholars.
9、Theories and Models Many suggest that there is no such thing as a successful body of communication theory, but that we have been relatively more successful in generating models of communication. A model, according to a seminal 1952 article by Karl Deutsch (“On Communication Models in the Social Scie
10、nces“), is “a structure of symbols and operating rules which is supposed to match a set of relevant points in an existing structure or process.“ In other words, it is a simplified representation or template of a process that can be used to help understand the nature of communication in a social sett
11、ing. Such models are necessarily not one-to-one maps of the real world, but they are successful only insofar as they accurately represent the most important elements of the real world, and the dynamics of their relationship to one another. Deutsch suggests that a model should provide four functions.
12、 It should organize a complex system (while being as general as possible), and should provide an heuristic function. Both these functions are similar to those listed above for theories. He goes on to suggest models should be as original as possible, that they should not be obvious enough that they f
13、ail to shed light on the existing system. They should also provide some form of measurement of the system that will work analogously within the model and within the actual system being observed. Models are tools of inquiry in a way that theories may not be. By representing the system being observed,
14、 they provide a way of working through the problems of a “real world“ system in a more abstract way. As such, they lend themselves to the eventual construction of theory, though it may be that theory of the sort found in the natural sciences is something that cannot be achieved in the social science
15、s. Unfortunately, while models provide the “what“ and the “how,“ they are not as suited to explaining “why,“ and therefore are rarely as satisfying as strong theory. 6 | Communication Theory A simple communication model with a sender which transfers a message containing information to a receiver. In
16、troduction Laws and Rules The aim in the natural sciences is to create what, since Hempel at least, has been called covering law. Covering law requires the explicit relationship of a causal condition to an effect within certain bounderies. It has been observed that social relationships are very diff
17、icult to capture within the structure of covering law. Perhaps this is because people have the annoying habit of violating “natural laws.“ Wittgensteins later work in particular put forward the possibility that rules-based systems may provide a more effective descriptive model of w:en:human communic
18、ation. This may account for the propensity of communication theorists to develop models more often than theory. Rules-based approaches are particularly popular within speech communication, where human interaction is seen to proceed along structural, though not necessarily causal, lines. Mapping the
19、Theoretical Landscape A discipline is defined in large part by its theoretical structure. Instead communication, at its present state, might be considered a field of inquiry. Theory is often borrowed from other w:en:social sciences, while communication provides few examples of theories that have bee
20、n exported to other disciplines. What is taught as communication theory at one institution is unlikely to be at all similar to what is taught within other communication schools. This theoretical variegation makes it difficult to come to terms with the field as a whole. That said, there are some comm
21、on taxonomies that are used to divide up the range of communication research. Two common mappings will be briefly presented here. Many authors and researchers divide communication by what are sometimes called “contexts“ or “levels,“ but more often represent institutional histories. The study of comm
22、unication in the US, while occurring within departments of psychology, sociology, linguistics, and anthropology among others, generally developed from schools of rhetoric and schools of journalism. While many of these have become “departments of communication,“ they often retain their historical roo
23、ts, adhering largely to theories from speech communication in the former case, and mass media in the latter. The great divide between speech communication and mass communication is joined by a number of smaller sub-areas of communication research, including intercultural and international communicat
24、ion, small group communication, communication technology, policy and legal studies of communication, telecommunication, and work done under a variety of other labels. Some of these departments take a largely social science perspective, others tend more heavily toward the humanities, and still others
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