Exploitation of A Ships Magnetic Field Signatures.pdf
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1、P1: IML/FFXP2: IML MOBK034-FMMOBK034-Holmes.clsSeptember 26, 200616:35 Exploitation ofAShips MagneticFieldSignatures i P1: IML/FFXP2: IML MOBK034-FMMOBK034-Holmes.clsSeptember 26, 200616:35 Copyright 2006 by Morgan mine warfare (MIW) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW). Mines were the fi rst weapons de
2、signed to detect, locate, and attack a vessel by sensing its magnetic fi eld. In 1920, Germany started the large-scale development of a sea mine that rests on the ocean fl oor or fl oats in the water column until it detects the magnetic fi eld of a target ship and then, if certain requirements have
3、been met, detonates. It was discovered that the shock wave produced by a non-contact underwater explosion was capable of sinking or heavily damaging a ship at a distance. These non-contact weapons are called magnetic infl uence mines, and their basic operating principles will be covered in Chapter 3
4、. Mines are dangerous. Naval mines have sunk or damaged ships whose combined weight exceeds hundreds of thousands of tonnes. During World War I, a total of 309 700 mines were laid by all sides, sinking or damaging more than 950 vessels. These fi gures increased to 700 000 mines during World War II,
5、placing the ship lost or damaged fi gure to over 3200 1. Since 1950,14U.S.navalvesselshavebeencasualtiesoftheminethreat,themostrecentbeingtheUSS PRINCETON (CG59)thatwasdamagedin1991byanIraqimagneticmineduringOperation Desert Storm 2. Even as recently as Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003), coalition navi
6、es were faced with the possibility of a signifi cant mine-clearing operation, which was circumvented when most of the weapons were captured before they could be deployed by Iraqi forces 3. Mines are cheap and can be easily manufactured or bought in the international weapons market.Theyarediffi culta
7、ndtimeconsumingtofi ndandneutralize,andcanbedeployedbyan adversary using covert means without directly confronting the strength of a heavily armed naval vessel.Sufferingcausalitiesfromanavalminefi eldcouldcostthelivesofsailors,delayoralterthe outcome of a confl ict, prevent rapid reconstitution of n
8、aval capabilities due to minefi eld causal- ities, hurt economies, and adversely infl uence foreign and domestic politics. Unabated, naval minesareaveryeffectiveweapon,andassuch,actionmustbetakentocountertheireffectiveness. Several tools are available today to defeat the moored and bottom magnetic i
9、nfl uence mine. Mine sweeping, mine hunting, and ship signature reduction are used in combination to P1: RVM MOBK034-01MOBK034-Holmes.clsSeptember 26, 200616:37 INTRODUCTION3 reduce the probability of a combatant or support ship actuating an infl uence mine. These mine countermeasure (MCM) technolog
10、ies will be covered in Chapter 3 to the extent of showing how they complement each other and produce synergistic benefi ts. Reducing the susceptibility of naval vessels to actuating mines while minimizing the timeline and material resources needed to render a minefi eld ineffective is the focus of t
11、he MCM research. It is neither the objective, nor is it possible here, to give a comprehensive discussion on all aspectsofoffensiveanddefensiveminewarfare.Therearemanyfactorsthatmustbeconsidered indevelopinganoffensiveinfl uencemine,andevenmorewhencounteringsuchathreat,whose order of importance depe
12、nds heavily on the scenario. Instead, the top level technical aspects of designing and using magnetic infl uence mines will be described, along with systems and techniques to protect ones own fl eet from these weapons. Asecondimportantcategoryofunderseawarfare,whereavesselsmagneticfi eldsignature ca
13、n be exploited, is in ASW. In the past, active and passive sonar systems were the primary meanstodetectsubmergedsubmarines.However,technologiestoquietenthesoundemanating from a submarine have been proliferated, while ASW scenarios of concern have shifted to the high-noise and acoustically challengin
14、g shallow water littoral ocean environments. As a result, ASW missions have changed to a point where the detection range of a submarines magnetic fi eldisnowcompetitivewithacoustictechniques.Technologiestodetectandlocateasubmerged submarine by its magnetic fi eld signature will be discussed in Chapt
15、er 4. REFERENCES 1G. K. Hartmann and S. C. Truver, Weapons That Wait, 2nd ed, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991, pp. 242244. 2Chief of Naval Operations. “Thunder and Lightning: The War with Iraq,” Department of the Navy-Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC, May, 1991 Online. Available: h
16、ttp:/www.history.navy.mil/wars/dstorm/ds5.htm. 3P. J. Ryan, “Iraqi freedom: Mine countermeasures a success,” Proc. U.S. Naval Inst., vol. 129/5/1,203, May 2003. P1: RVM MOBK034-01MOBK034-Holmes.clsSeptember 26, 200616:37 4 P1: IML/FFXP2: IML MOBK034-02MOBK034-Holmes.clsOctober 16, 200621:47 5 C H A
17、P T E R 2 ShipboardSourcesof Magnetic Field 2.1EVOLUTION OF THE MAGNETIC SHIP Ships have not always been made of steel. Up until the middle of the 19th Century both commercial vessels and military warships were constructed entirely of wood, as they had been throughout history. However, the adaptatio
18、n of cannon artillery to shipboard use had become very effective during close-in bombardment of both shore installations and other vessels. A large artillery shell could easily rip open the wooden hull of a vessel infl icting heavy damage to its structure, and sometimes even sinking it. As iron plat
19、ing became more readly available its naval application as a protective armor was inevitable. The fi rst ship to cover its wooden hull with iron plates was the French warship La Gloire. La Gloire weighed 5630 tons and was known as an ironclad since her iron armor was attached or cladded to the outsid
20、e of her underlying wooden hull 1. She was commissioned in 1859, and was followed a few months later in 1860 by HMS WARRIOR, the fi rst combatant with a completely iron hull. Commissioned in 1860 by the British Royal Naval, the hull of WARRIOR was constructed entirely of iron instead of cladding ove
21、r wood, and weighed 9210 tons 2. Although these two ships were the fi rst to be protected with iron, it wasnt until the American Civil War that the military worth of naval armor was clearly demonstrated. The fi rst naval artillery exchange between two ironclad vessels occurred in 1862 during the Ame
22、rican Civil War at the Battle of Hampton Roads. The 3200 ton confederate ironclad, CSS VIRGINIA 3, which was also called the MERRIMAC, exchanged gun fi re with the U.S. navys 980 ton armor-protected warship, USS MONITOR 4. Although the two combatants lobbed shells at each other for hours, neither sh
23、ip could be declared victorious. In spite of this, the battle of the MONITOR and MERRIMAC did conclusively demonstrate the superiority of armored warships over those with wooden hulls. By the turn of the century nearly all frontline naval combatants were constructed from steel. These early battleshi
24、ps and battle-cruisers were called dreadnoughts, after the 18000 ton technically revolutionary warship of its time, HMS DREADNOUGHT. To protect these mammothshipsfromexplosiveartilleryshellstheirhullswerebuiltofferroussteelupto3inches thick. P1: IML/FFXP2: IML MOBK034-02MOBK034-Holmes.clsOctober 16,
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