西方政治思想史.pps
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1、提 纲,1。导言 2。古今中外4种政治学和4种政治思想 3。当代西方政治思想研究简介 4。当代中国对西方政治思想的研究简介 5。马克思主义政治思想 6。本课程的要求,一、导言,1。什么是西方政治思想史 从最一般的意义上来讲,政治思想史就是研究政治思想历史的科学。但也有各种不同的定义。 “political ideas”和“political thoughts” 2。为什么学习西方政治思想史 (1)“有用”与“没用” (2)“知识分子”与“有知识的分子” (3)“知识经济”和“知识政治” 3。如何学习西方政治思想史 (1)分数与方法 (2)本课程的要求,政治思想的定义 所谓政治思想就是社会成员在
2、政治思考中所形成的观点、想法和见解的总称,它是人们对社会生活中各种政治活动、政治现象以及隐藏在其后的各种政治关系及其矛盾运动的自觉和系统的反映,是政治文化的一种表现形态。 政治思想的作用 1、 反映特定的政治利益,并论证其政治合理性 2、 维护或破坏特定的政治统治 3、 政治思想对人们认识政治现实起着重要的作用 4、 政治思想统领着人们的政治意识,二、四种政治学和四种政治思想,西方政治学 宗教政治学 马克思主义政治学 中国政治学,三、西方的政治思想研究,近代:哥伦比亚大学政治学系1880年 当代:芝加哥大学里奥斯特劳斯、F.哈耶克 史:约翰麦克里兰,里奥斯特劳斯,四、中国政治思想研究,52年取
3、消,78年恢复 徐大同、王沪宁、刘军宁 北大,人大,天津师大,五、马克思主义政治思想, 产生于19世纪40年代,特点是: 1、 科学性 2、 阶级性 3、 革命性 4、 实践性 5、发展性 基本观点 1、关于政治关系、政治生活方式和政治观念 2、关于阶级 3、关于国家 4、关于政治体制 5、关于未来社会,讨论:西方政治思想与我们 1。表象 2。作用或影响 3。应取的态度,Empirical v. Normative Studies,Empirical: What is observed? Normative: What “ought” to be? Political Science invo
4、lves BOTH the empirical (recognizing we can measure and find what is true) and normative (recognizing that we can make recommendations as to what ought to be).,A brief history,of the research in political science. The Greeks Middle ages Renaissance Enlightenment Legalism Behavioralism Post-Behaviora
5、lism Eclectisism (Including behavioralism and perestroika) The scientific study of politics,Politics as Philosophy: Brief History of the Discipline,Foundation of Politics as a study is in political philosophy. Rooted in normative emphasis. Based on idea that man behaves INTENTIONALLY. We have free w
6、ill and choose to take certain actions. Study of politics was structured around opposing views of human behavior: man is ultimately good; man is ultimately self-serving.,Normative Foundations of Discipline,Focus on human behavior in interacting with others First emphasis on what “ought” to be Politi
7、cal Philosophy focused on ideas like Rights Equality Justice Freedom,The Ancient Greeks,Philosophy: Philos = loving, Sophia = wisdom. 2,500 years ago, Greek civilization emerged city states (the polis) the center of political life the polis was center of the universe idiot - word to describe someone
8、 with no interest in politics,the judicial murder of Socrates “No person on earth, has the right to tell another man what he should believe or to deprive him of the right to think as he pleases.” Socrates was a “moderate”-a liberal who saw good and evil in both systems of government and who tried to
9、 find a compromise which should satisfy all reasonable people. This, of course, had made him thoroughly unpopular with both sides.,苏格拉底(公元前469399年)出生于雅典一个工匠家庭,其母是助产婆。他作为雅典的重装步兵参加过三次战役,并有一次通过抽签担任雅典议事会成员,为人正直,性格耿直刚正,后被控否认城邦之神并引进新的神和腐蚀青年,最终由陪审法庭判处死刑。 他的主要贡献: 1)、推动希腊哲学研究兴趣由自然转向人和社会。 2)、是西方哲学和科学理性主义主流传统的
10、开创者。 3)、突出强调道德是城邦政治的基础,而知识和教育是城邦政治的根本。,2.An young Athenian, Plato gathered all Socrates had ever said or thought into a series of dialogues. Plato taught his doctrines in pleasure garden which was called the Academy. He began his career as a mathematician, but gradually switched over to politics and
11、 in this field he laid the foundations for our modern school of government His famous Republic(B.C.386).,Plato (427-347 BC),Founder of a lyceum (school) for politics and law (first of its kind) philosopher whose pedagogy was based on a dialogue b/w student & teacher his political philosophy presente
12、d essentially in The Republic Deductive theory advocated a system of enlightened dictatorship by philosopher-kings,Plato (continued),Philosopher-Kings were selected from childhood subjected to an incredibly intensive education in ethics, theoretical and practical politics, etc. groomed to lead from
13、a very early age “who shall guard the guardians?” a key question,著作主要有:理想国、政治家篇、法律篇。 一、哲学家治国思想 1)、建立和维护社会分工制度,极力防止不同等级的人相互混杂。 2)、在哲学家和军人内部废除私有财产和家庭。 3)、对公民(即哲学家军人)进行教育。 4)、将法律置于次要位置。 5)、文化专制主义精神。 二、政体思想 在现实生活中存在的都是不当政体,分为四种类型:荣誉政体、寡头政体、平民政体、僭主政体。他重视每种政体的内在精神和原则。他认为最好的统治不是法治,而是有知识的人的统治。 三、第二等好的理想国 他十
14、分强调知识的重要性,接受了有限的民主原则,引进了混合政体。他坚持声称:最美好,最幸福的社会是理想国里那种没有私人利益,一切公有,不存在“你的”、“我的”之分的社会。 胰腺癌心理如何护理得当 the wonder-child from Macedonia. The Politics(B.C.325) His distaste for the democratic form of government and his lack of belief in the sovereign abilities of the common people.,Aristotle (384-322 BC),Pla
15、tos best know student normally considered the father of political science in fact, he argued that politics was the master science first to undertake a systematic empirical (inductive) survey of political life (The Politics) a survey of patterns across approx. 350 city states,Aristotles Classificatio
16、n of City States,主要著作:修辞学、政治学、雅典政制 一、政体分类及其变革 亚里士多德认为区分政体有两个标准:其一是政府的宗旨,其二是掌握城邦最高 治权的人数的多寡。按此标准可以分为六种政体: 正宗政体:君主政体(王制)、贵族政体和共和政体。 变态政体:僭主政体、寡头政体、平民政体。 亚里士多德在继承柏拉图政体的理论的基础上,不同于他的重要特点在于,把研究 重心转向对现实城邦的经验的和历史性的描述和分析上。 二、对理想城邦的设计 在亚里士多德看来,理想的城邦主要包括: 1)、承认财产私有,但要保障它用于公共的目的。 2)、肯定城邦是平等的自由公民的自治团体,它在本性上就是民主的
17、。 3)、理想的政体以“中庸”为原则,以中产阶级为基础。 4)、在政治权力结构方面,他主张混合政体。 5)、强调法律的作用。,亚里士多德对西方思想史的贡献: 1)、他是政治学的开创者。他第一个有意识地将人类知识区分为不同的学科领域,使政治学成为独立的学科,从而为政治学的进一步发展奠定了基础。 2)、他在整体主义的框架内渗入了某些个人主义的因素,是西方较为开放、进步和理想主义政治传统的先驱。 3)、他是古希腊政治理论的集大成者。他的政治思想充分体现了古希腊城邦高度发达的政治成就,也是希腊政治文明的一个成熟的果实。,Questions of Ethical/Philosophical and Pr
18、udential nature (Normative) What is the good life for humans Who should rule city states (the polis) the center of political life Different approaches Deductive (Plato) Inductive or Empirical (Aristotle),Middle Ages (5th-15th century A.D).,a subordination of political thought to theology objective o
19、f political theory was to identify the will of God and the most appropriate way to organize secular life according to the Divine Plan Human government & law subordinate to divine will and order Natural law So long as the objective was to subordinate political life to theology, genuine political thou
20、ght was not possible,Political Thought During the Middle Ages,From roughly the 5th Century AD to the middle/end of the 15th Century a subordination of political thought to theology objective of political theory was to identify the will of God and the most appropriate way to organize secular life acc
21、ording to the Divine Plan,Middle ages church,According to the church the kingdom of god is not political and therefore there is no reason for man to engage in a struggle for power. Heaven is a spiritual state where one is indifferent to power. Authority is unquestionably in hands of the church as th
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