SAE J2486-1999 Tension Indicating Washer Tightening Method for Fasteners.pdf
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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCU
3、MENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.org Copyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 STANDARD Submitted for recognition as an American National Sta
4、ndard J2486 ISSUED MAY1999 Issued1999-05 Tension Indicating Washer Tightening Method for Fasteners Foreword The fundamental function of mechanical fasteners is to create and maintain a prescribed tension (also known as clamping force or preload) in bolted joints. Bolted joints, which in practice att
5、ain the prescribed levels of tension after tightening (or tensioning) of the fasteners, are described as properly tensioned or preloaded. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) choose from a number of different assembly techniques to attain the tension that the responsible engineers expect or need
6、for a given application. Such techniques provide tension to meet requirements that can be divided into three general categories: a.A requirement that the tension be above a minimum prescribed level. b.A requirement that the tension be above a minimum prescribed level and below a maximum prescribed l
7、evel. c.A requirement that the tension be within permissible limits of a prescribed target, wherein demonstrated control and statistical measures of dispersion from the target (or proximity to permissible limits) are used to determine acceptance. Design engineers typically choose from among these th
8、ree options depending upon the nature of the application, the service environment, production capabilities, installation costs, and other factors. Engineers will then specify procedures for installation of fasteners so, that required levels of tension are achieved. Success in achieving required tens
9、ion depends upon the methods chosen and how well the manufacturer controls the extraneous variables which may impact the chosen method. Attainment of at least a minimum level of tension is needed to resist vibration loosening, fatigue, joint slip into bearing, and other conditions which are potentia
10、l forms of joint failure. Thus, the majority of mechanically fastened applications are intended to attain tensions above a prescribed minimum level. When properly designed and tensioned, a fastened joint is capable of withstanding anticipated service loads throughout the life-cycle of the finished p
11、roduct. 1.Scope 1.1This SAE Recommended Practice covers installation and inspection methods for fasteners which are tensioned using Tension Indicating Washers (TIWs) as a means to ensure that adequate tension is developed in mechanically fastened joints. Figure 1 depicts a typical TIW, and Figure 2
12、depicts a fastener assembly with a TIW before and after tensioning. SAE J2486 Issued MAY1999 -2- FIGURE 1 TENSION INDICATING WASHER (TIW) FIGURE 2 ASSEMBLY BEFORE AND AFTER TENSIONING 1.2This document describes practices for the use of TIWs which are typically produced for use with SAE J429 Grade 5
13、and Grade 8 fasteners or their metric counterparts, although the same principals hold true for bolted joints using other fasteners. Users are advised to contact a manufacturer for advice on use of these products before using them with special fasteners or applications. 1.3This document defines and i
14、llustrates preferred installation and inspection methodologies. The contents of this document are presented as accurately as possible; however, responsibility for its application lies with the user. SAE J2486 Issued MAY1999 -3- 2.References 2.1Applicable Publications The following publications form
15、a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONS Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J174 Torque-Tension Test Procedure for Steel Threaded Fasteners
16、Inch Series SAE J174M Torque-Tension Test Procedure for Steel Threaded Fasteners Metric Series SAE J429 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners SAE J1701 Torque-Tension Tightening for Inch Series Fasteners SAE J1701M Torque-Tension Tightening for Metric Series Fastener
17、s 2.1.2ASTM PUBLICATIONS Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM E 4 Practices for Force Verification in Testing Machines ASTM F 959 Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners 2.1.3IFI PUB
18、LICATION Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 1717 East 9th Street, Suite 1105, Cleveland, OH 44114-2879. IFI Technical Data Fastener Standards, 6th Edition 3.Definitions 3.1Tension Indicating Washer (TIW) A steel washer-shaped mechanical load cell with protrusions projecting from one face
19、 and corresponding pockets on the opposite face. It is used as a direct method to confirm a tension load in a fastener or bolted joint. Also known as a Direct Tension Indicator (DTI). 3.2Torque The product of force times lever arm length. With respect to fasteners, it is the moment resistance of the
20、 fastener and its components to turning, and is expressed as in-ozs, in-lbs, and ft-lbs, or newton-meters (Nm). 3.3Tension The force transmitted by fasteners into assembled parts after tightening. Also known as clamp load, clamping force, preload, or pretension. Expressed in pounds (lbs), thousands
21、of pounds (kips), or kilonewtons (kN). 3.4Tighten (Tightening) The action of taking a fastener assembly into tension, usually by turning or torquing a bolt head or a nut. The action intended to induce tension, although efforts to attain tension are not synonymous or directly correlated with actually
22、 generating tension. 3.5Snug The condition of a mechanically fastened joint in which all of the mating materials are drawn into firm and near-continuous contact by application of some initial clamping force. 4.Tensioning Methods Overview 4.1The design of mechanically fastened joints follows generall
23、y accepted engineering principals supported by empirical evidence. Installation or tensioning methods, play a significant role in determining whether design assumptions concerning required tension are met. There are two categories of tensioning methods: (a) indirect, and (2) direct. SAE J2486 Issued
24、 MAY1999 -4- 4.2An indirect method is one which relies on the correlation between tension and a related variable. The most common indirect method is torque, or more specifically, the control of input torque as a means to estimate attained tension. The torque method is indirect because torque is not
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