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1、No. C20040052004-5 No. C2004005;2004-5 2 No. C2004005 2004528 0106275-1599 0106275-1474 3 1 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-4-1/ 1-4-2/ 1-4-3/ 1-4-4/ 1-5 1-5-1 1-5-2 1-5-3 1-6 2 2-1 2-2 2-2-1 2-2-2 2-2-3 2-2-4 2-3 2-3-1 4 2-3-2 2-4 2-4-1 2-4-2 2-5 3 3-1 3-2 3-3 4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 5 5 1 40 1 20032-
2、8 Anthony Saich 6 7 1 1-1 the Detroit Institute of Arts Diego Rivera2030 River Rouge heating modelingmillingstampingweldingbuffing paintingassembly Downs, 1999, 27Rouge Krugman1995 20 Toyota multi-layered production system 1714700 31600Sheard, 1983, 301-1 70-80 2 80 1986 256Hill, 1989, 472 - Canada-
3、US auto pact60 80 world carstrategy 20 20 30-40 2 “the core urban and industrial regions of Southern Kanto and the Nagoyo region” Sheard, 1983, 56. 8 Sheard, 1983, 30 1-2 Intra-product specialization product of the first order 9 NGO 3 product of the second order product of the second order in form o
4、f parts product of the second order in form of raw materials 4 5 3“Finished goods are the completed goods that available for sale to customers” Business: The Ultimate Resource () 1245,2003 4“Production is the processes and techniques used in making a product, also known manufacturing” Business: The
5、Ultimate Resource () p, 1315, 2003 5“Lean manufacturing is based on managing the product value stream from raw materials to end customer, rather than focusing on managing separate assets and firms”. “Supply chain is the network of manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, who turn raw
6、 materials into finished goods and services and deliver them to consumers. Supply chains are increasingly being seen as integrated entities, and closer relationship between the organization 10 WTO 80 6 1-3 technical specialization generic structure 199469 1-2 N*M+11-2 throughout the chain can bring
7、competitive advantage, reduce costs, and help to maintain a loyal customer base”. Business :The ultimate resource ().1831345,2003 6 11 1-2 1-3 N*M+1 1-3 1-4 1-4-1/ social specialization 2 11-1 2-1 21 1-2 2-2 N M 12 1-3 technical specialization 7 River Rouge 7 1-1 2-1 1-2 2-2 N M 13 horizontal and ve
8、rtical specialization 1-31-11-22-12-2 1-12-11-22-2 inter-firm specialization and intra-firm specialization OEM: Original equipment manufacture 8 8Porter (1985,p. 242) OEMZysman and Schwartz1998OEM Feenstra (1998) 14 ODMOriginal design manufacture inter-industry tradeintra-industry trade inter-indust
9、ry specialization intra-industry specialization 9 1-4A /C ACB D OEM80Gereffi, Gary (1999) OEM Sturgeon (2002, p 453)OEM 9 In the standard model (of international trade theory), in which production is not taken as decomposable. Trade is assumed to consist of goods which have been produced in their en
10、tirety in the country of origin. What if production were decomposable and what if components possessed varying factor intensities? Would there be ground for pushing specialization beyond the level of products to their constituent parts or activities? Would there be grounds for intra-product speciali
11、zation?” (Arndt, 1997, p, 73). 15 1-4/ 1-5-1 60 Helleiner1973 10 Finger(1975)60offshore assembly operation 10 “The development of specialized labor-intensive activities of process within vertically integrated international manufacturing industries (Helleiner, 1973)”. (A)(C) (B) (D) 16 Dixit and Gros
12、sman 1982 Jones and Kierzkowski1990 fragmented production Arndt1997 global sourcingoffshore sourcing sub-contractingintra-product specializationJones and Kierzkowski (1990)Arndt1997 Ardnt and Kierzkowski2001 Feenstra1998disintegration of production in the global economy Gereffi 1999commodity chain Y
13、eats (1999) trade on parts and components Hummels, et al (2001) 11 2002production sharingUNCTAD2002Yi2003 Porter, 1985 199958-73Jarillo1988 clusterSchmitz1995modular production networksSturgeon2002 11 12 13 2003 20037 17 1-5-2 gain rationalessourcespattern absolute advantage comparative advantage 20
14、 HO the neo-factor proportion theories the neo-technology modelthe product cycle model the new trade theories 200026 200319 200258-59 18 paradigm 19 20 1963production sharing scheme tariff Schedules of the United StatesTSUS 806.30807.30 15 9802 14 15 807 Fingers, 1975, 369 21 807/9802Gereffi, 1999,
15、48 60Finger, 1972, 365 offshore assembly provision OAP 22 1965maquiladora law maquiladoras or maquilas 16 maquilas the bond is forfeited 23 Caribbean BasinUSITC19962-2 Morawetz19815650 (Gereffi, 1999, p. 60) 6070 60 19614100600 70 80% 12 Morawetz198171 80 physical anthropology Morawetz198171 60-70 8
16、0 90Gereffi, 1999, 49 24 supply chaincommodity chain value chain 17 18 buyer-driven commodity chain, Gereffi, 1999, 43 19 17 18 Gereffi, 1999, 43 19 Morawetz198156 25 Wal-Mart, Sears supply chain management: SCM Li Frankel,2000; Rodrik 2000 42 The Suez Canal Maddison, 2001, p. 98 43 Chandler (1977)3
17、6 43 Lundgren1996Hummels1999 44 Norwegian Shipping News (NSN) the German Ministry of Transport 45,46 both voyage and time charterGDP 70Lundgren1996 commodity price deflator 50-60 7080 CPI Hummels (1999)air cargo ratesWorld Air Transport Statistics WATSaverage revenue relative to ton-kilometers5-1509
18、040 50-60 44 The first concept is “tramp ship” versus “ liner ship ”: the former on bulk commodity and latter on general cargo with containaliazed facility. The second concept is “ a voyage charter” and “ a time charter” within the categories of “ tramp ship”. Voyage and time charters differ in the
19、basis of contracting on shipping services: one is assignment or voyage based service, and another is time-based service. A voyage charter is a contract to ship a large quantity of a dry bulk commodity between specific ports. Rates are generally quoted as US$ per ton and may include some minimal load
20、ing and/or unloading expenses. The NSW voyage charter price index represents a weighted bundle of sport market prices ($/ton) for shipping major bulk commodities on several important routes worldwide. A time charter is a contract to employ the services of an entire ship for a set period of time (usu
21、ally up to a year). Weekly rates are quoted in terms of US$ per dead-weight tonnage of the ship, and generally include only minimal port services. The NSN time charter index reports a weighted bundle of spot charter prices for ships of various sizes ($/tonnage) in many ports worldwide (Hummels 1999,
22、 p. 9). 45 liner shipping pricesemphases on general cargo rather than bulk commoditiescontainerized shipping and manufactured merchandise of all sortsHummels1999. 46 Hummels1999 47 44 the International Civic Aviation Organization ICAOSurvey of International Air Transport Fares and Rates1973-199316 1
23、973-1980 0.73%ad-valorem air freight rate7.41% 1980-19932.73% 1.3%Hummels 1999, Table 5 1985 trans-pacific round trip air fare per person 193712,7251949582719851094 17101094 trans-Atlantic fare51921985675 692 (Cooper, 1986, 12) Hummels20012 48 49Hummels 2001, p. 2Thirty percent of US trade in 1998 w
24、as air-shipped, up from 7 percent in 1965 (and virtually no trade employed air-shipment in 1950 45 46 Carincross, 1997 19458Vannevar BushAtlantic Monthly WWW 50 information and communication technologyICT 47 1989European Center for Nuclear Research Internet 80 901.35 Carincross, 1997, 45 51 52 20001
25、0200118920029002003 20003600“” 2003814B7 48 SITC20 dynamic products in world trade transistors and semiconductors: SITC 776computers: SITC 752parts of computers and office machinesSITC 7591980-98 14.9%-16.3%8.4% UNCTAD2002A54-55 2002harness the electric light system and the electric ignition system
26、Packard Electric/Delphi5370 1973MississippiKansasGeorgia California1975Chihuahua wiring harness assembly20 16 54 80 53 Packard Electric 54 Russo, 1994, p. 10 49 (precision mechanical engineering) precision plastic injection molding Ernst, 1997, 54 / GATT/WTO GATT/WTO 40%3-4% WTO anti-dumpingcounterv
27、ailing duties, contingency measures Krueger, 1999, 197 trade facilitation 2-15% WTO1998 UNCTAD2002201 WTO 50 Free Trade Areas: FTA 55 WTO1958The Treaty of Rome2001 15070 1090 10090Lu Feng, 2003GATT24 the barrier cap condition 56 substantially all condition 57 58 FTA 59 FTA 60 61 FTA building blocks
28、or stumbling blocksFTA FTA FTA Krueger, 1999, pp. 118-119; Ethier, 1998a, 1998b WTO24 GATT/WTOFTA 55 FTAFree trade agreements: FTA Regional Integration Agreements: RIAPreferential Trade Agreements: PTA Lu Feng (2003) 56 GATT: Article XXIV, 5 (b) and (c). 57 GATT: Article XXIV, 8 (b). Srinivasan, 199
29、7 58 trade creation and trade diversionViner 1950. 59 Bergsten (1991)Bhagwati (1993), Panagariya,(1997) 60 the non-tariff barrier argument, Wonnacott and Lutz, 1989, p. 64 the natural trading partner argument, Wonnacott and Lutz, 1989, p. 69-70; Krugman, 1991, p. xx, Lu2003 61 Meade, 1956; Lipsey, 1
30、960; Wonnacott and Lutz, 1989, p. 64; Corden, 1972; Wonnacott, 1996, p. 62Lu2003 51 4-6 21963production sharing schemetariff provision USITC, 1996, p. 2-1 outward processing tradeOPT outward processing trafficoutward processing relief arrangementsUSITC, 1996, p. 6-119911994 OPT43%47% OPTUSITC, 1996,
31、 p. 6-9 NAFTA UNCATD 2002B, 198 non-reciprocal preferential schemesthe Caribbean Basin Initiativethe European Unions Everything-but-Arms Initiativethe United StatesAfrican Growth and Opportunity ActAGOA UNCATD2002B198-199 The intra-product concentration Ardnt, 1997, 77 4-7 62 62 195547%5064% 2-540%
32、52 63 60 64 50 1958 39001964152002331 260 1965maquiladora maquiladora USITC19962-2 1959The Shannon Export Processing Zone601965 19701 1971 82002330-337197514 Sit, 198880 850 (Ge, 1999) 65 Ge 1999 red-type 2002 326UNTCAD, 2002B, 206 63 2002345-358 64 65 free-trade zones, duty free zones, free export
33、zones, free investment zones, industrial estates, industrial or scientific parks 53 one stop shoppingUNCTAD 2002B214-15 1979 75%55%90 95% 75%50%80% UNCTAD2002B214 66 4-8 N N1 C1 tN N 66 80 “ one-stop” administrationSit, 1988, 668 54 1 1 C=(1) (1) NN tC - + 67 t 1 t N t+ 68 1 1 (1)(1)NCtC - =+ 1 t t+
34、 69 1 t N t+ 4-1 4-1 67 2 111 ()(1)tCCt C+=+ 2 1 (1t)C+ 1 (1)(1 t)C+3 22 1 (1) (1)tC+N 11 1 (1)(1) NN tC - + 1 1 C=(1) (1) NN tC - + 68 11 1 1 1 / (1)(1) /(1) (1)1 NN NN dC CdCttt NtCN dt tdtCtCt - - =+= + 69 1 1 1 1 / (1) /(1)(1)1 N N dCCdCttt C dt tdtCtCt - - =+= + 55 5 30-40 N2 MC2 MC1 E2 O MR1 E
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39、mensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge, University Press, UK, pp. 22-51. Borrus, Michael and Zysman John (1997): “Wintelism and the changing terms of global competition: Prototype of the future?” BRIE Working Paper 96B (February 1997).: Cairncross, Frances (1997): The death of distance: How the
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