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1、Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists AATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 16-200423 Developed in 1964 by AATCC Commit- tee RA50; revised 1971, 1974, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1990 (Supersedes AATCC Test Methods 16-1987, 16A-1988, 16C- 1988, 16D-1988, 16E-1987, 16F-1988 and 16G-1985
2、), 1993, 2003, 2004; re- affirmed 1977, 1998; editorially revised 1983, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1996. Tech- nically equivalent: Option 6-ISO 105- B01; Related to Option 3-ISO 105-B02. 1. Purpose and Scope 1.1 This test method provides the gen- eral principles and procedures which are currently in use for
3、determining the col- orfastness to light of textile materials. The test options described are applicable to textile materials of all kinds and for colorants, finishes and treatments applied to textile materials. Test options included are: 1Enclosed Carbon-Arc Lamp, Contin- uous Light 2Enclosed Carbo
4、n-Arc Lamp, Alter- nate Light and Dark 3Xenon-Arc Lamp, Continuous Light, Black Panel Option 4Xenon-Arc Lamp, Alternate Light and Dark 5Xenon-Arc Lamp, Continuous Light, Black Standard Option 6Daylight Behind Glass 1.2 The use of these test options does not imply, expressly or otherwise, an ac- cele
5、rated test for a specific application. The relationship between any lightfast- ness test and the actual exposure in use must be determined and agreed upon by the contractual parties. 1.3 This test method contains the fol- lowing sections that assist in the use and implementation of the various optio
6、ns for determining lightfastness of textile materials. Section Terminology.3 Safety Precautions.4 Uses and Limitations.5 Apparatus and Materials6 Comparison Standards.7 Test Specimen Preparation8 Machine Operating Conditions .9 Calibration and Verification 10-12 AATCC Fading Unit Measurement13-14 Ma
7、chine Exposure Procedures15-18 Daylight Exposure Procedures19-22 Evaluation of Results.23-27 Report 28 Precision and Bias29-30 References31 Notes32 AppendixA-C 2. Principle 2.1 Samples of the textile material to be tested and the agreed upon comparison standard(s) are exposed simultaneously to a lig
8、ht source under specified condi- tions. The colorfastness to light of the specimen is evaluated by comparison of the color change of the exposed portion to the masked control portion of the test specimen or unexposed original material using the AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change, or by instrumental c
9、olor mea- surement. Lightfastness classification is accomplished by evaluation versus a si- multaneously exposed series of AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards. 3. Terminology 3.1 AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard, n.one of a group of dyed wool fabrics distributed by AATCC for use in determi
10、ning the amount of light exposure of specimens during lightfast- ness testing (see 32.1). 3.2 AATCC Fading Unit (AFU), n. a specific amount of exposure made un- der the conditions specified in various test methods where one AFU is one- twentieth (1/20) of the light-on exposure required to produce a
11、color change equal to Step 4 on the Gray Scale for Color Change or 1.7 0.3 CIELAB units of color difference on AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard L4. 3.3 black-panel thermometer, n.a temperature measuring device, the sens- ing unit of which is coated with black paint designed to absorb most of t
12、he radi- ant energy encountered in lightfastness testing (see 32.2). 3.3.1 This device provides an estima- tion of the maximum temperature a spec- imen may attain during exposure to natu- ral or artificial light. Any deviation from the geometry of this device described in 32.2 may have an influence
13、on the mea- sured temperature. 3.4 black standard thermometer, n.a temperature measuring device, the sensing unit of which is coated with black material designed to absorb most of the radiant energy encountered in lightfast- ness testing and is thermally insulated by means of a plastic plate (see 32
14、.2). 3.4.1 This device provides an estima- tion of the maximum temperature a spec- imen may attain during exposure to natu- ral or artificial light. Any deviation from the geometry of the device described in 32.2 may have an influence on the mea- sured temperature. The temperature mea- sured by the
15、black standard thermometer will not be the same as that measured by the black-panel thermometer; therefore, they cannot be used interchangeably. 3.5 broad bandpass radiometer, n. a relative term applied to radiometers that have a bandpass width of more than 20 nm at 50% of maximum transmittance and
16、can be used to measure irradiance at wavelengths such as 300-400 nm or 300- 800 nm. 3.6 color change, n.as used in col- orfastness testing, a change in color of any kind whether a change in lightness, hue or chroma or any combination of these, discernible by comparing the test specimen with a corres
17、ponding untested specimen. 3.7 colorfastness, n.the resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer of its colo- rant(s) to adjacent materials, or both as a result of exposure of the material to any environment that might be encountered during the processing, test
18、ing, storage or use of the material. 3.8 colorfastness to light, n.the re- sistance of a material to a change in its color characteristics as a result of expo- sure of the material to sunlight or an arti- ficial light source. 3.9 infrared radiation, n.radiant energy for which the wavelengths of the
19、monochromatic components are greater than those for visible radiation and less than about 1 mm. NOTE: The limits of the spectral range of infrared radiation are not well defined and may vary according to the user. Com- mittee E-2.1.2 of the CIE distinguishes in the spectral range between 780 nm and
20、1 mm: IR-A780-1400 nm IR-B1.4-3.0 m IR-C3 m to 1 mm 3.10 irradiance, n.radiant power per unit area incident on a receiver, typically reported in watts per square meter, W/ (m2nm). 3.11 “L” designation, n.the se- quence number given each AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard according to the number
21、of AATCC Fading Units re- quired to produce a color change equal to Step 4 on the AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change. AATCC Test Method 16-2004 Colorfastness to Light Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 24TM 16-2004AATCC Technical Manual/2008 NOTE: See Table II for t
22、he numerical relationship between “L” designations of the standards and their colorfastness to light in AFUs. The colorfastness to light of a fabric specimen can be determined by comparing its color change after light exposure with that of the most similar AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Stan- dard as
23、 shown in Table III. 3.12 langley, n.a unit of total solar radiation equivalent to one gram calorie per square centimeter of irradiated sur- face. NOTE: The internationally recom- mended units are: Joule (J) for quantity of radiant energy, watt (W) for quantity of radiant power, and meter squared (m
24、2) for area. The following factors are to be used: 1 langley = 1 cal/cm2; 1 cal/cm2 = 4.184 J/cm2 or 41840 J/m2. 3.13 lightfastness, n.the property of a material, usually an assigned number, depicting a ranked change in its color characteristics as a result of exposure of the material to sunlight or
25、 an artificial light source. 3.14 narrow bandpass radiometer, n.a relative term applied to radiometers that have a bandpass width of 20 nm or less at 50% of maximum transmittance and can be used to measure irradiance at wavelengths such as 340 or 420, 0.5 nm. 3.15 photochromism, n.a qualita- tive de
26、signation for a reversible change in color of any kind (whether a change in hue or chroma) which is immediately noticeable upon termination of light ex- posures when the exposed area of a specimen is compared to the unexposed area. NOTE: The reversion of the color change or instability of the hue or
27、 chroma upon standing in the dark distinguishes photochromism from fading. 3.16 pyranometer, n.a radiometer used to measure the global solar irradi- ance or, if inclined, hemispherical solar irradiance. 3.17 radiant power, n.energy per unit time emitted, transferred or received as radiation. 3.18 ra
28、diometer, n.an instrument used to measure radiant energy. 3.19 total irradiance, n.radiant power integrated over all wavelengths at a point in time expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2). 3.20 ultraviolet radiation, n.radiant energy for which the wavelengths of the monochromatic components are s
29、maller than those for visible radiation and more than about 100 nm. NOTE: The limits of the spectral range of ultraviolet radiation are not well de- fined and may vary according to the user. Committee E.2.1.2 of the CIE distin- guishes in the spectral range between 400 and 100 nm: UV-A315-400 nm UV-
30、B280-315 nm UV-C100-280 nm 3.21 visible radiation, n.any radiant energy capable of causing a visual sensation. NOTE The limits of the spectral range of visible radiation are not well defined and may vary according to the user. The lower limit is generally taken between 380 and 400 nm and the upper l
31、imit between 760 and 780 nm (1 nanometer, 1 nm = 109 m). 3.22 xenon reference fabric, n.a dyed polyester fabric used for verifying xenon-arc equipment test chamber tem- perature conditions during a lightfastness test cycle (see 32.3, 32.4 and 32.6). 3.23 For definitions of other terms rel- ative to
32、lightfastness used in this test method, refer to the Glossary of AATCC Standard Terminology. 4. Safety Precautions NOTE: These safety precautions are for information purposes only. The pre- cautions are ancillary to the testing proce- dures and are not intended to be all inclu- sive. It is the users
33、 responsibility to use safe and proper techniques in handling materials in this test method. Manufac- turers MUST be consulted on specific de- tails such as material safety data sheets and other manufacturers recommenda- tions. All OSHA standards and rules must also be consulted and followed. 4.1 Do
34、 not operate the test equipment until the manufacturers instructions have been read and understood. It is the opera- tors responsibility to conform to the manufacturers directions for safe opera- tion. 4.2 The test equipment contains high intensity light sources. Do not look di- rectly at the light
35、source. The door to the test chamber must be kept closed when the equipment is in operation. 4.3 Before servicing light sources, al- low 30 min for cool-down after lamp op- eration is terminated. 4.4 When servicing the test equipment, shut off both the off switch and the main power disconnect switch
36、. When equipped, ensure that the main power in- dicator light on the machine goes out. 4.5 Daylight exposure of the skin and eyes for prolonged periods may be hazardous and therefore caution should be employed to protect these areas. Do not look directly at the sun under any circumstances. 4.6 Good
37、laboratory practices should be followed. Wear safety glasses in all laboratory areas. 5. Uses and Limitation 5.1 Not all materials are affected equally by the same light source and en- vironment. Results obtained by the use of any one test option may not be represen- tative of those of any other tes
38、t option or any end-use application unless a mathe- matical correlation for a given material and/or a given application has been estab- lished. Enclosed Carbon-Arc, Xenon-Arc and Daylight have been extensively used in the trade for acceptance testing of tex- tile materials. There may be a distinct d
39、if- ference in spectral power distribution, air temperature and humidity sensor loca- tions, and test chamber size between test equipment supplied by different manu- facturers that can result in differences in reported test results. Consequently, data obtained from equipment supplied by the differen
40、t manufacturers, different test chamber size, or different light source and filter combinations cannot be used interchangeably, unless a mathematical correlation has been established. No cor- relations among differently constructed test apparatus are known to AATCC Committee RA50. 5.2 Results from X
41、enon-Arc, for all materials should be in good agreement with the results obtained in Daylight Be- hind Glass (see Table II). Since the spec- tral distribution of Xenon-Arc, Alternate Light and Dark, equipped with the speci- fied filter glass is very close to that of av- erage or typical daylight beh
42、ind window glass, it is expected that results should be in good agreement with the results ob- tained in Daylight, Daylight Behind Glass. The two carbon-arc options, Con- tinuous and Alternating Light and Dark, under the conditions specified, will pro- duce results which correlate with those obtaine
43、d in the Daylight Behind Glass Method unless the material being tested is adversely affected by the differences in spectral characteristics of Enclosed Car- bon-Arc and natural light. 5.3 When using this test method, the test method option selected should incor- porate light, humidity, and heat effe
44、cts based upon historical data and experi- ence. The test method option selected should also reflect expected end-use con- ditions associated with the material to be tested. 5.4 When using this test method, use a standard of comparison which has a known change in lightfastness after a spe- cific exp
45、osure for comparison to the ma- terial to be tested. AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards have been used extensively for this purpose. 6. Apparatus and Materials 6.1 AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards L2 through L9 (see 32.1 and 32.5). 6.2 Xenon Reference Fabric (see 32.3, 32.4, 32.5 and 32.
46、6). Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists AATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 16-200425 6.3 L4 AATCC Blue Wool Standard of Fade for 20 AATCC Fading Units (AFU) (see 32.5). 6.4 L2 AATCC Blue Wool (alternate) Standard of Fade for 20 AATCC Fading Units (AFU) (see 11.2, 32.5).
47、6.5 Xenon Reference Fabric Standard of Fade (see 32.5). 6.6 AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change (see 32.5). 6.7 Card stock: 163 g/m2 (90 lb) one ply, White Bristol Index (see 32.7). 6.8 Test masks made of material ap- proaching zero light transmittance, and suitable for multiple exposure levels, such
48、as 10, 20, 40, etc. AFU (see 32.8). 6.9 Black-Panel Thermometer (see 3.3, 32.2 and 32.9). 6.10 Black Standard Thermometer (see 3.4, 32.2 and 32.9). NOTE: The Black-Panel Thermometer should not be confused with the Black Standard Thermometer which is used in Xenon-Arc, Continuous Light, Option 5, and
49、 some European test procedures. Temperatures as measured by the two dif- ferent devices generally will not agree at the same test condition. The term Black Thermometer, as used in this method, re- fers to both the Black Panel and Black Standard Thermometers. 6.11 Spectrophotometer or Colorimeter (see 31.2). 6.12 Xenon-Arc Lamp Fading Appara- tus optionally equipped with light moni- tors and control systems (see 32.9 and Appendix A). 6.13 Daylight Exposure Cabinet (see 32.10 and Appendix B). 6.14 Enclosed Carbon-Arc Lamp Fad- ing Apparatus (see 32.9
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