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1、ACI 546.3R-06 Guide for the Selection of Materials for the Repair of Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 546 Guide for the Selection of Materials for the Repair of Concrete First Printing December 2006 ISBN 978-0-87031-228-1 Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All righ
2、ts reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambigu
3、ities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occa- sionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI document
4、s are requested to contact ACI. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use th
5、is publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information. All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchant
6、ability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this pub
7、lication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determin
8、e the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regula- tions, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Order information: ACI documents ar
9、e available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Clu
10、b Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 U.S.A. Phone:248-848-3700 Fax:248-848-3701 www.concrete.org ACI 546.3R-06 became effective August 31, 2006. Copyright 2006, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making o
11、f copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 546.3R-1 ACI Committee Re
12、ports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who
13、 will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in con
14、tract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. Guide for the Selection of Materials for the Repair of Concrete Reported by ACI Com
15、mittee 546 ACI 546.3R-06 This document provides guidance on the selection of materials for the repair of concrete. An overview of the important properties of repair materials is presented as a guide for making an informed selection of repair materials that are appropriate for specific applications a
16、nd service conditions. Keywords: cementitious; concrete; epoxy; polymer; polyurethane; repair; silica fume; test methods. CONTENTS Chapter 1Introduction, p. 546.3R-2 1.1Background 1.2Essential steps of concrete repair 1.3Objective 1.4Scope 1.5Definitions 1.6Special repair and service environments 1.
17、7Current industry issues and concerns Chapter 2Properties of repair materials and their importance, p. 546.3R-3 2.1General 2.2Volume stability 2.3Mechanical properties 2.4Constructibility characteristics 2.5Aesthetic properties 2.6Factors affecting durability 2.7Chemical composition 2.8Summary table
18、s Chapter 3Repair material selection, p. 546.3R-17 3.1Concrete replacements and overlays 3.2Crack repair Chapter 4References, p. 546.3R-28 4.1Referenced standards and reports 4.2Cited references Appendix ACurrent industry issues and concerns, p. 546.3R-31 A.1Material test methods and reporting of te
19、st data A.2Curing of repair materials and manufacturers reported test results James P. BarlowFred Goodwin*John LundJoe Soloman Paul D. CarterHarald G. GreveJames E. McDonaldMichael M. Sprinkel Michael M. ChehabRonald HeffronLarry G. MrazekRonald R. Stankie Marwan A. DayeRobert F. JoyceMyles A. Murra
20、yGeorge I. Taylor Peter H. EmmonsLawrence F. KahnDon T. PyleAlexander M. Vaysburd Michael J. GarlichBrian F. KeaneRichard C. Reed*Kurt Wagner Steven H. GeblerBenjamin LavonJohan L. SilwerbrandPatrick M. Watson* Timothy Gillespie*Kenneth M. LozenW. Glenn SmoakMark Ziegler Yelena S. Golod *Members who
21、 served as authors and editors on subcommittee that prepared this document. Editor and subcommittee chair. Deceased In addition, Committee 546 acknowledges Tate Coverland, an author and subcommittee member who is an associate member of Committee 546. Jay H. Paul Chair Paul E. Gaudette Secretary 546.
22、3R-2ACI COMMITTEE REPORT A.3 Product limitations and warnings A.4 Standardized industry acceptance A.5Repair material bond A.6Corrosion reduction A.7Structural repairs A.8Ongoing developments CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION 1.1Background Concrete is inherently a durable material, but its durability under any
23、given set of exposure conditions varies with the concrete mixture proportions; the presence and positioning of reinforcement; and the detailing, placing, finishing, curing, and protection it received. In service, it may be exposed to conditions of abrasion, moisture cycles, cycles of freezing and th
24、awing, temperature cycles, corrosion of reinforcement, and chemical attack. Deterioration of the concrete and the potential reduction of its service life can result. Thus, as the concrete industry has developed and grown from its beginnings, repair of concrete has always been needed; however, with t
25、he ever increasing size of the infra- structure in all parts of the world, its age, the frequent deferral of maintenance, and the increased public awareness of deterioration and maintenance needs, repair has become a major focus of design and construction activities. The repair of concrete, however,
26、 has traditionally been as much an art as a science. Engineers and contractors typically have not received much formal training in techniques for repair and performance of repair materials applied to concrete. Personal experience may be a good teacher, but it can take a long time and be costly in te
27、rms of failed repairs. Although the situation is changing, there is still much too little information available to reliably predict the performance or service life of repairs. Too many concrete repairs fail prematurely, with the result being economic loss and the need to do the repair again. Due to
28、the greatly expanded repair market, new materials and repair methods are being introduced at an increasing rate to the construction market. At the same time, due to changing environmental, building code, and other regulations, many existing, well-proven products are being reformulated into essential
29、ly new products that have little track record, if any. The user may or may not be informed of these changes. Many new or reformulated products enter the market each year. It is often difficult for a specifier to find the appropriate data needed to systematically evaluate a product in a logical fashi
30、on for a given repair situation. Often, test data are not available or, if they are, either they are not presented in useful or appropriate terms or the data are presented in a manner that precludes comparison with other competing materials (that is, through the use of nonstandard or modified test m
31、ethods). There are many competent repair materials available commercially. There are also, however, many unsubstantiated claims for suitability and success. Even the highest-quality materials do not perform as expected if they are used inappropriately. In 1996, ACI published the “Concrete Repair Gui
32、de (ACI 546R).” This was the first ACI publication devoted entirely to the subject of general concrete repair. As the first publication of its kind, its principle emphasis was on techniques for concrete repair. It contained only limited information on the appropriate selection of the repair material
33、. The physical properties of repair materials govern their performance in service and, as a result, the appropriate selection of these materials for a given repair is at least as important to a successful, long-lasting repair as is using the proper procedures and workmanship. This guide is the secon
34、d in a series of documents prepared by ACI Committee 546 to aid the user in specifying and executing typical concrete repairs. 1.2Essential steps of concrete repair The success of concrete repairs is dependent on determining the cause and extent of concrete distress or deterioration and developing a
35、 repair strategy to address the problem. Typical steps in a systematic repair are as follows: 1. A condition survey with a scope consistent with the perceived condition of the structure and the owners repair objectives, performed by qualified individuals, to document and evaluate visible and nonvisi
36、ble defects and damage, as well as potential damage; 2. An assessment of the application and service conditions to which the concrete repair material is, or will be, exposed; 3. Determination of the cause of the damage or deterioration necessitating the repair; for example, mechanical damage such as
37、 impact or abrasion; design, detailing or construction deficiencies; chemical damage, such as alkali-aggregate reaction; physical damage related to cycles of freezing-and- thawing or thermal movements; and corrosion of the steel reinforcement caused by improper placement, carbonation of the concrete
38、, or chloride ingress into the concrete; 4. Determination of the repair objectives, including desired service life; and 5. Selection of a repair strategy, including consideration of an appropriate protection system in conjunction with future maintenance, both in terms of what will be needed to prese
39、rve or protect the structure and repairs, and what actual maintenance is likely to be available. Once the concrete to be repaired has been evaluated and the cause of the distress established, the details of the proposed repair can be developed. This includes the evaluation and determination of the n
40、eeded physical properties of the repair materials. The appropriate repair material can then be selected from those available. This selection is usually based on the ability of the material to satisfy the repair constraints and objectives as defined herein, plus considerations of cost and availabilit
41、y. Finally, the repair can be implemented, including protective systems if designed as part of the repair. The reader is directed to ACI 546R, where these steps are discussed in further detail. 1.3Objective The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for the selection of materials for the rep
42、air of concrete. To provide guidance the following information is provided: Common repair materials are identified; Relevant material properties are discussed; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THE REPAIR OF CONCRETE546.3R-3 Test procedures for measuring these properties are listed and discussed; Minimum t
43、est values or performance levels are recom- mended; and The importance of various material properties are discussed for various repair material application and service environments. 1.4Scope This guide covers material selection for the following types of repair: 1. Concrete replacements, categorized
44、 on the basis of the depth and orientation of the repair; 2. Overlays categorized on the basis of their thickness; and 3. Crack repairs, which are categorized on the basis of their stability, width, and other service conditions. Materials covered by this guide for concrete replacements and overlays
45、include: Portland or blended cement-based mortar and concrete; Portland or blended cement-based silica-fume mortar and concrete; Portland or blended cement-based polymer-cement mortar and concrete; Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-cement mortar and concrete; and Polymer-based mortar and concrete. Materi
46、als covered by this guide used for crack treatment include: Epoxy resin; High-molecular-weight methacrylate; Polyurethane chemical grout; Polyurethane sealant; Silicone sealant; Polymer grout; Polymer-cement grout; Cementitious grout; and Strip and seal systems, including preformed flexible sheets.
47、Tables 2.1 and 2.2 present a summary of available test methods and typical test values for concrete replacement materials and crack repair materials, respectively. The test values in Table 2.1 are for portland-cement concrete; values for other concrete replacement materials will be added in the next
48、 edition of the guide. ACI 503R, 548.1R, and 548.3R can be referred to for information on polymer-cement and polymer concrete replacement materials. The test methods included in Table 2.2 are, in general, not discussed in the text of Chapter 2; again, this discussion will be added in the next editio
49、n of the guide. ACI 224.1R, 504R, and 503.5R can be referred to for information on crack repair materials. Finally, surface treatments such as coatings and penetrating sealers are beyond the scope of this document. Repair material specifiers and users should be aware that many repair materials have to be handled with care to avoid potential harm to workers and the environment. 1.5Definitions In this guide, the term “concrete replacement” is used to refer to the removal and replacement of damaged or deteriorated concrete. Concrete
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