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1、COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-I137 93 m 0662949 0508224 9T7 m Polymer Concrete D. Gerry Wdters Editor I SP-137 COPYRIGHT
2、ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 Obb2949 0508225 833 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in head
3、quarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is February 1, 1994. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the July/August 1994 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or AC1 Material
4、s Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended t o , supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the
5、 supplier, of the information presented. accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 i I The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. I Copyright o 1993 AMERICAN CONCRETE IN
6、STITUTE P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, Michigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or orai, or recording for sound
7、 or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production Victoria Wiecmrek Library of Congress catalog card number 93-71894 COPYRIGHT ACI In
8、ternational (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 m 0662949 0508226 77T m PREFACE AC1 Committee 548 has sponsored nine symposia since its organization
9、 in 1971 to help fulfill its mission to report information on the use of polymers in concrete. The proceedings of the f i r s t five symposia were published by AC1 in special publications 40,58,69, 89, and 99. Papers from the next three symposia held in 1986 and 1989 were published in either Concret
10、e International or AC1 Materiais Journal. This volume contains the papers which were presented at the ninth symposium, which consisted of two sessions during the AC1 fall convention in 1990 in Philadelphia. Arthur M. Dinitz and Jack A. Morrow served as chairmen of the two sessions. At this time, Jac
11、k J. Fontana was chairman of Committee 548. I would like to express the gratitude of Committee 548 to these three gentlemen for their efforts in organizing and conducting the sessions. Also the committee wishes to express its appreciation to the authors who made the proceedings possible, as well as
12、to those members who assisted by reviewing the printed papers. D. Gerry Walters Chairman AC1 Committee 548 . 111 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handl
13、ing Services A C 1 SP-I437 93 Obb2947 0508227 606 AC1 Committee 548 POLYMERS IN CONCRETE Gerry D. Walters Chairman John J. Bartholomew Douglas J. Bolton W. Barry Butler Robert R. Cain Paul D. Carter Frank J. Constantino Glenn W. DePuy Floyd E. Dimmick William T. Dohner Larry J. Farrell Jack J. Fonta
14、na David W. Fowler Arthur H. Gerber George C. Hoff Craig W. Johnson Albert O. Kaeding John F. Kane Al Mail Paul D. Krauss Lou A. Kuhlmann William Lee Henry N. Marsh, Jr. Stella L. Marusin William C. McBee Peter Mendis John R. Milliron Richard Montani Larry C. Muszynski Michael J. OBrien Sandor Popov
15、ics Borys F. Schafran Secretary Kenneth A. Poss John R. Robinson Emanuel J. Scarpinato Ernest K. Schrader Surendra P. Shah Glenn W. Smoak Joe Solomon Michael M. Sprinkel Cumaras Vipulanandan Alan H. Vroom Harold H. Weber, Jr. Ronald P. Webster David P. Whitney Janet L. Zuffa iv COPYRIGHT ACI Interna
16、tional (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 0662949 0508228 542 = CONTENTS PREFACE by G. Walters . 111 . COMMITIEE MEMBERSHIP iv PRECAST REINFORCED C
17、ONCRETE PIPE LINED WITH POLYMER MORTAR by M. Kawakami, H. Tokuda, M. Kagaya, and R. Nasu . . . . . . . . . . . 1 STEEL-FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE by J.J. Fontana . 21 THIN POLYMER WEARING SURFACES FOR PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF BRIDGE DECKS by P.D. Carter . 29 NEW APPLICATIONS AND EXPANDING MA
18、RKETS FOR SULPHUR POLYMER CEMENT CONCRETE by H.H. Weber, Jr. 49 PRINCIPLES OF EPOXY MODIFICATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE by S. Popovics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 UNDERWATER ADHESION OF POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE MORTARS by Y. Ohama, K. Demura, S.
19、N. Pareek, and M.A.R. Bhutta 93 DESIGNING A BETTER POLYMER CONCRETE BASED ON UNSATURATED POLYMER by J.M. Daly, J.A. Feldman, A.M. Rosenberg, D.A. Bansleben, and E. Zavadsky . 109 SI (METRIC) TABLES 127 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9
20、 V COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 m Ob62949 0508229 489 m SP 137-1 Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Lined with Poly
21、mer Mortar by M. Kawakami, H. Tokuda, M. Kagaya, and R. Nasu Synopsis: Reinforced concrete pipe used as sewer pipe is required to have excellent durability, especially chemical resistance, in addition to high strength and good economy. A precast composite pipe, in which a reinforced concrete pipe is
22、 lined with polymer mortar as soon as centrifugal compaction and drainage has been com- pleted, was developed and investigated. Chemical resistance of the polymer mortar used to acidic water and alkaline water was first studied by the immersion tests and manufacturing process of the composite pipe w
23、as introduced secondly. Subsequently, the load tests were carried out and elastic behavior, cracking and breaking strength of the pipes were inves- tigated. Furthermore, a reasonable design method for the composite pipe is discussed and proposed. Kevwords: Chemical attack; compaction; cracking (frac
24、turing); expansive cement concretes; mortars (materials); pipe (tubes); polymer concrete; precast concrete pipe; sewer pipes; strength 1 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licen
25、sed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-I137 93 M 0662749 0508230 LTO 2 Kawakami et al AC1 member M. Kawakami is an associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Akita University, Akita, Japan. He received his Dr. Eng. from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, in 1974. He has authored
26、many papers on concrete polymer composites, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. AC1 member H. Tokuda is dean of Mining College, Akita University. He received his Dr. Eng.from Hokkaido University in 1973 and has published numerous papers on thermal properties and other properties of concret
27、e. AC1 member M. Kagaya is a research associate, Department of Civil Engineering, Akita University. He received his Dr. Eng. from Hok- kaido University in 1988. He engaged in experimental study on vibrating compaction of RCC. R. Nasu is a manging director and a director of Technical Research Center
28、of Teihyu Corporation, Japan. He received a BS from Kumamoto University in 1956. He has been conducting applied research on the structural behavior and design of reinforced concrete pipes. INTRODUCTION The main function of sewer pipe is to smoothly transport sewage and rainfall from one place to ano
29、ther. Sewer pipes are nor- mally buried in the earthsand so require high strength and durability along with chemica1,corrosion and abrasion resistance. Earthenware pipe, polyvinyl choride(PVC) pipe and reinforced con- crete pipe including jacking pipe satisfy these requirements. Figure 1 shows the f
30、iscal 1988s actual records of sewer pipes in Japan corresponding to the diameters of pipes. Earthenware pipe and PVC pipe have excellent chemical resis- tance, but because of their lower strength, particularly their low impact resistance, they are used primarily for diameters less than 300 mm and al
31、most never for sizes greater than 500 mm. Reinforced concrete pipe, on the other hand, has excellent strength and is ideal for transporting water, but it has some shortcomings when used for sewer pipe. Both concrete and steel are susceptible to chemical attack, especially from acids. The interior su
32、rface of sewer pipes is in direct contact with waste water, and concrete pipe will corrode if exposed to an environment (1) that is more acidic than pH 4 . The various thechnologies available for lining the interior surface of reinforced concrete pipe with anti- corrosive materials such as polymer p
33、aste, polymer mortar, and polymer-impregnated concrete have been introduced and developed( 2 ) . In this study, a precast composite pipe lined with polymer mortar was tested as follows: First, chemical resistance of the polymer mortar used to the solu- tions of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sod
34、ium hydroxide and sodium chloride was clarified by the immersion tests. Second, centrifugal lining method of polymer mortar was developed COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Lice
35、nsed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 0662949 0508233 037 W Polymers in Concrete 3 and introduced as soon as centrifugal compaction and drainage of base core reinforced concrete pipe had been completed. Expansive concrete was used for base reinforced concrete pipe in order to ob- tai
36、n high cracking strength. Third, cracking and breaking loads were measured by loading tests and those results are discussed and compared with the analysed data. Finally the optimum design method for the composite pipe consider- ing lining depth of polymer mortar and thickness of concrete com- posing
37、 the base concrete pipe was investigated. MATERIALS USED FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE Plain concrete and expansive concrete were used to make the base reinforced concrete pipe and their mix proportions and physi- cal properties are shown in Table 1 and 2. The expansive additive used was a lime syste
38、m and the relationship between expansive strain and reinforcing steel ratio are shown in Fig. 2, according to Japanese Industrial Standards(J1S) A 6202. PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MORTAR AS THE LINING MATERIAL The hydrophilic polymer used is composed of epoxy polymer as the principal ingredient and modif
39、ied polyamine as the hardener. A properly graded chamotte, that is ceramics powder of the maximum size 1.5 mm as fine aggregate was used. Weight ratios of polymer paste and chamotte to polymer mortar were 0.5 and 0.5. The physical properties of polymer mortar are summarized in Table 3. Chemical resi
40、stance of polymer paste and mortar to acidic and alkaline water are shown in Fig. 3 to 6 . The weight change of polymer paste was not significantly observed and the absolute values of the weight change were less than 1 %. These pastes were especially stable for alkali. On the other hand, weight chan
41、ges of polymer mortars immersed in the solutions of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid of 10 % concentration were larger than those in city water of pH 6.6. As polymer mortar was composed of polymer paste and fine aggregate as anti-corrosive materials, it seemed weight changes were caused by swell
42、ing and corrosion of polymer mortar. The increases of weight changes of polymer mortars immersed in alkaline water were stopped at six months, however those immersed in acidic water were ap- proximately proportional to the immersion period and they did not stop at two years. Roughness of the interio
43、r surface of this composite pipe was measured by surface trace with needle. Figure 7 shows the surface roughness of the proposed composite pipe, centrifugally compacted concrete pipe using ordinary concrete on site. According to JIS K 7204, abrasion resistance of polymer mor- tars and concrete by ab
44、rasion wheels were tested. Abrasion loss in weight at 1 0 0 0 revolutions for polymer mortar and ordinary cement concrete are shown in Fig. 8. From this result, weight loss of this COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI Inter
45、national (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-137 93 m Obb2949 0508232 T73 m 4 Kawakami et al polymer lining pipe is about one-third smaller than that of con- crete pipe and abrasion level of this pipe is adequate to be used for sewer pipe. MANUFACTURING P
46、ROCESS Flow chart for manufacturing the proposed polymer lined pipe is shown in Fig. 9. Ordinary reinforced concrete pipe using expan- sive concrete as structural member is first made by centrifugal compaction. As soon as compaction and drainage have been completed, the polymer mortar lining is perf
47、ormed by use of machine or by hand as shown in Fig. 10. Polymer mortar must be hydrophilic with low shrinkage. Therefore special epoxy polymer as the binder and a properly graded chamotte as fine aggregate were used. When the designed lining depth was attained, the interior sur- face was finished as
48、 shown in Fig. 11, and this lined pipe was cured by far infrared rays and steam. Composite centrifugal reinforced concrete pipes of length 1200 mm, internal diameter 1000 mm and total thickness 82 mm as shown in Fig. 12 were made and tested. The lined depth of polymer mortar for all pipes was 5 nun.
49、 Three kinds of base concrete pipes in order to investigate the effects of expansive concrete were chosen as follows: Pipe 1 : Reinforced concrete pipe using expansive concrete only, Pipe 21 : Reinforced concrete pipe using ordinary concrete cast in outer half layer and expansive concrete cast in the inner half layer, Pipe 31 : Reinforced concrete pipe using ordinary concrete cast in outer three quarter layer and expansive concrete cast in a quarter layer. STRENGTHS OF COMPOSITE PIPE Cracking Strength Cracking load Pcr of the composite pipe ( 6 ) may be calculated by the following equa
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