AIAA-G-034-1998.pdf
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1、, b95534 0003220 57T U Special Copvright Notice o I999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Res
2、ale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/AI AA G-034-1998 Guide Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees
3、/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSVAIAA G-034-1998 American National Standard Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models Sponsor American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics App
4、roved July 15, 1999 American National Standards Institute Abstract This standard provides guidelines for selecting ionospheric models for engineering design or scientific research. The Guide describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the
5、 models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer codes for approximately 30 ionospheric models. The models cover the altitude range from the Earths surface to approximately 10,000 kilometers. This Guide is intended to assist communication (C3i) and space sys- tem designers and dev
6、elopers, geophysicists, space physicists, and climatologists in understanding available models and comparing sources of data and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different ionospheric models. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under l
7、icense with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
8、ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards devel- Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Sub- stantial agreement means much mo
9、re than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyo
10、ne, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufac- turing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circum- stances give an interpretation of an
11、y American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears
12、on the title page of this stan- dard. National oper. Standard CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than f
13、ive years from the date of ap- proval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Guide to reference and standard ionosphere models/sponsor, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronau
14、tics. P. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. lonosphere-Mathematical models. “ANS V A IAA G-034- 1 998“ ISBN 1 -56347-347-X I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . QC881.2.16G85 1999 551.51 45051 18-dc21 99-23533 CIP Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronau
15、tics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344 Copyright O 1999 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission
16、of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America II Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
17、t license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 Contents Foreword . v Summary of Reference and Standard Ionospheres vi GLOBAL IONOSPHERE MODELS USU Time-Dependent Model of the Global Ionosphere, NCAR Thermosphere-lonosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Mod
18、el (CTIM), T. J. Fuller-Rowell 5 Coupled Thermosphere-lonosphere-Plasmasphere Model (CTIP), T. J. Fuller-Rowell . 7 AFRL Global Theoretical Ionospheric Model (GTIM), D. N. Anderson 8 Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), D. N. Anderson, R. E. Daniel1 . 1 O International Reference Ionosphere (IRI),
19、1996, D. Bilitza 12 Empirical Model of the Ionosphere, W. Kohnlein 15 The Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma Model, P. Richards 19 R.W. Schunk and J.J. Sojka 1 1993, R. G. Roble .3 The Sheffield University Plasmashphere-lonsophere Model (SUPIM), G.J. Bailey . 17 LOWER IONOSPHERE D Region: Algebraic
20、Model, W. Swider Numerical Model of D-Region Ion Chemistry, 1995, E. Turunen Solar EUV and Chemistry Model, W. Swi J. Jasperse 28 AFRL Transport Model for the Electron-Proton-Hydrogen Atom Aurora, J. Jasperse 30 21 23 E Region: AFRL Bolzmann-Fokker-Planck Model for 26 KEY RELATED PROPERTIES Electric
21、 Fields: Two-Cell Ionospheric Convection Model, R.A. Heelis . 33 Heppner-Maynard Electric Field Models, J.P. Heppner and N.C. Maynard . 35 Millstone Hill Empirical Electric Field Model, 1986, J.C. Foster 37 Neutral Winds: HWM Empirical Wind Model, A. Hedin 41 Temperature: Global Empirical Models of
22、Te, L.H. Brace . 43 Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Electron and Ion Temperatures, W. Kohnlein . .45 Photochemical Equilibrium Model for Ionospheric Conductivity, C.E. Rasmussen . 47 Empirical Model of Conductivities, D. Brautigam . 48 Particles and Currents: Auroral Electron and Ion Fluxes, D. B
23、rautigam 50 APL High-Latitude Convection Model, M. Ruohoniemi . 39 . III Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking perm
24、itted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS Scintillation-C31/Navigation Outage: WBMOD Ionospheric Scintillation Model (NWRA), 1995, Clutter and Trough-HFNHF Loss: Model of the Trough in the High-Latitude F Layer, J.A. Whalen . 55 TEC-Navigation Errors: GPS Eight-Co
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