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1、 ANSI A137.1-2008 American National Standard Specifi cations for Ceramic Tile Secretariat Tile Council of North America, Incorporated Approved American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract American National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verifi cation by ANSI that
2、 the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substant
3、ial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not i
4、n any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give
5、an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretation should be addressed to the secretariat or spons
6、or whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffi rm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Pu
7、rchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by: Tile Council of North America, Incorporated 100 Clemson Research Boulevard Anderson, SC 29625 Copyright 2008 Tile Council of North A
8、merica Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Forewordiii Production Staff Eric Astrachan, Executive Direc
9、tor, Tile Council of North America Dan Brown, Cover Design, Visiontech Studios Henry Leaphart, CAD Design the basis for acceptance and methods of testing prior to installation, the marking and certifi cation of ceramic tile and the defi nitions of terms employed in these specifi cations. 3.0 Defi ni
10、tion of Terms Aesthetic Class: A value assigned by the producer to a tile series (V0, V1, V2, V3, or V4.) The letter V indicates “variation,” with the numbers quantifying the degree of variation of overall color and/or texture. The color can vary in intensity, brightness, hue, and saturation, or by
11、pattern variation. This value is intended to give an indication of what a consumer can visually expect for a specifi c product. See Table 3. Basis for Acceptance: The method of determining whether a lot of ceramic tile is acceptable under these specifi cations. Caliber Range: An acceptable size rang
12、e, for tiles to be used in the same installation. Calibrated Tile: Tiles that have been sorted to meet a manufacturers stated caliber range. Ceramic Mosaic Tile: Tile, usually inch (6.35 mm) to 3/8 inch thick (9.53 mm), and having a facial area of less than 9 inch2 (228.6 mm2). Such tiles are typica
13、lly mounted in sheets or strips with other mosaic tiles. Ceramic Tile: See defi nition for Tile. Commercial: Flooring areas that are subjected to considerable traffi c and abrasive soil. Some examples of these would be: entrances, workrooms, inns, exhibition halls, and salesrooms. Decorative Tile: A
14、 tile that is suitable for decorative use where the aesthetic value may outweigh one or more physical properties including, but not limited to: breaking strength, chemical resistance, or crazing resistance. Such a tile is generally used for interior decorative wall applications. Edge-bonded Tile: Se
15、e defi nition for Pre-grouted Tile. Facial Defect: The portion of the facial surface of the tile which is readily observed to be nonconforming and which will detract from the appearance or serviceability of the installed tile. Examples of such defects include, but are not limited to: pinholes, conta
16、minants, chips, cracks, scratches, and glaze application errors. Field Tile: A general term for the tile used in the majority of an installation. Floor Tile: A manufacturer specifi ed ceramic tile primarily for use on fl oors, but also suitable for use on walls and countertops, and having a facial a
17、rea of 9 inch2 or more. Floor-Wall Coordinating Tile: Wall tile designed to the same basic visual characteristics as corresponding fl oor tile, intended for use in the same installation. Gloss: Refl ectivity of the tile surface. 2A137.1 Glazed Tile: Tile with a fused impervious facial fi nish compos
18、ed of ceramic materials, fused to the body of the tile. There are 2 basic types of glazed tile: Fully Glazed Tile: Ceramic tile where the facial surface is fully covered with glaze. Partially Glazed Tile: Ceramic tile where the facial surface is partially covered with glaze. Glazed Wall Tile: A glaz
19、ed tile with a body that is suitable for interior use and which is usually non-vitreous, and is not required nor expected to withstand excessive impact or be subjected to freezing and thawing conditions. Ground Edge Tile: Tile that has had each of its four sides mechanically fi nished to provide a u
20、niform, square edge. Heavy Commercial: A fl ooring area that is subjected to heavy traffi c with very abrasive soil. An example of this would be the fl oor of a manufacturing facility. Heavy Residential: See Light Commercial. Honed Tile: Tile that have had the surface mechanically altered to a unifo
21、rm, matte fi nish. Impervious Tile: Tile with water absorption of 0.5% or less (Class P1, E1, or O1). Light Commercial: Non-industrial fl ooring areas that are subject to normal footwear traffi c with occasional amounts of abrasive soil. Some examples of these would be: halls, kitchens, and corridor
22、s. Light Residential: Residential fl ooring areas subject to soft-soled footwear or normal footwear traffi c without heavy dirt. Some examples would be: interior rooms such as bathrooms and bedrooms without exterior access. Loading: Putting material into a die prior to pressing. This can be done mul
23、tiple times for a single piece of tile. Single, double, and triple loaded products are possible. Module Size: The actual tile dimension plus the manufacturers recommended joint width. The module dimension is measured from center to center of the joints. Modular Tile: See System Modularity. Mounted T
24、ile: Tile assembled into units, sheets, or strips by suitable material to facilitate handling and installation. Tile may be face-mounted, back-mounted, or edge-mounted. NOTE: Tile manufacturers must specify whether back-mounted or edge-mounted tile assemblies are suitable for installation in swimmin
25、g pools, on exteriors and/or in wet areas. Back-mounted tile with paper on the back side shall not be installed in wet areas. Back (or edge) -mounted tile assemblies may have perforated paper, fi ber mesh, resin, or other suitable material applied to the back and/or edges of each tile which becomes
26、an integral part of the tile installation. Back-mounted and edge-mounted tile assemblies shall have a suffi cient exposure of tile and joints surrounding each tile to comply with bond strength requirements. Face-mounted tile assemblies may have paper or other suitable material bonded to the face of
27、all tiles in a sheet or strip. Natural Clay Tile: A ceramic mosaic tile or a fl oor tile made by either the pressed, extrusion or the plastic method, from clays that produce a dense body having a distinctive slightly textured appearance. Natural Tile: Tile that is not sized nor sorted mechanically,
28、as referred to in Table 8. Nominal Size: This is the approximate facial size or thickness of tile, expressed in inches or fractions of an inch (or in centimeters or millimeters) for general reference. Non-ceramic Tile: Tile, decorative tile, or trim units composed of material(s) other than ceramic.
29、Some examples would be cement, resin, or metallic tiles. Units such as these may be used in conjunction with ceramic tile, but are not subject to this specifi cation. A137.13 Non-vitreous Tile: Tile with water absorption of more than 7.0%, but not more than 20% (Class P4, E4, or O4). Paver Tile: A g
30、eneral term for fl oor tile. Physical Properties of Ceramic Tile: Those properties as measured by the ASTM or ANSI tests referred to herein. Copies of the ASTM test procedures may be obtained from: ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 (610) 832-9500
31、www.astm.org When no standard test is available from ASTM the test procedure required is included within this specifi cation. Polished Tile: A ceramic tile that has had the surface mechanically fi nished to provide a fl at, smooth, refl ective surface over more than 90% of the surface area. Porcelai
32、n Tile: A ceramic tile that has a water absorption of 0.5% or less that is generally made by the pressed or extruded method. Does not include materials with very little or no crystallinity, such as glass tile (Class P1, E1, or O1). Precision Tile: See Rectifi ed Tile. Pre-grouted Tile: A surfacing u
33、nit consisting of an assembly of ceramic tiles bonded together at their edges by a material, generally elastomeric, which seals the joints completely. Such material (grout) may fi ll the joint completely or partially and may cover all, a portion, or none of the back surfaces of the tiles in the shee
34、ts. The perimeter of these factory pre-grouted sheets may include the entire, or part of the joint between the sheets or none at all. The term “edge-bonded tile” is sometimes used to designate a particular type of pre-grouted tile sheets having the front and back surfaces completely exposed. Pressed
35、 Ceramic Tile: Tiles manufactured by having the body formed by pressing. Pressed Floor Tile: Floor tile (see defi nition) manufactured by having the body of the tile formed by pressing. Punch Texture: The texture of the die used to form a ceramic tile using the pressed method. Flat: Uniform, smooth
36、surface. Textured: Raised or depressed features present on the surface. Quarry Tile: Glazed or unglazed tile, made by the extrusion process from natural clay or shale. Rectifi ed Tile: A tile that has had all edges mechanically fi nished to achieve a more precise facial dimension. Residential: Non-c
37、ommercial fl oor areas that are subject to soft-soled footwear or normal footwear traffi c with small amounts of abrasive soil. Some examples of these would be: living or dining rooms. Sampling: The method of obtaining tile for testing from an agreed-upon lot. Self-spacing Tile: Tile with lugs or sp
38、acers on the sides which automatically space the tile for grout joints. Semi-polished Tile: A textured tile that has 1% to 90% of the surface mechanically fi nished to a gloss sheen. Semi-vitreous Tile: Tile with water absorption of more than 3.0%, but not more than 7.0% (Class P3, E3, or O3). Shade
39、 or Shade Value: A manufacturer designation (normally a number(s) or letter(s) printed on the box or label that signifi es that particular box of tile is visually suitable for use with other boxes having an identical shade value. This property can be infl uenced by glaze application, punch texture,
40、fi ring conditions, gloss level, and lighting conditions. 4A137.1 Slip-resistant Tile: Tile usually having greater slip-resistant characteristics due to an abrasive admixture, abrasive particles in the surface, grooves or patterns in the surface, or a glaze specifi cally designed for increased coeff
41、i cient of friction. Specialty Tile: Tile, either glazed or unglazed, made to meet or have special physical design or appearance characteristics such as size, thickness, shade, color, or decoration; keys or lugs on backs or sides; pre-grouted assemblies or sheets; special resistance to staining, fro
42、st, alkalis, acids, thermal shock, and/or physical impact; or high coeffi cient of friction. Standard Shade Tile: At least one tile, per shade, kept by the producer, and is considered to be the benchmark for a specifi c tile color and shade combination. Depending on the aesthetic value, more than on
43、e tile may be needed to adequately represent a particular color (See Table 3). Surface Texture: The pattern left by the punch or mold used to form a tile body. Structural Defects: Cracks or laminations in the body of the tile that detract from the appearance and/or the structural soundness of the ti
44、le installation. System Modularity: Tiles of various nominal dimensions are sized so that they may be installed together in patterns with a common specifi ed joint width. Testing of Ceramic Tile: The act of determining whether ceramic tile are acceptable; see Physical Properties of Ceramic Tile. Til
45、e: A ceramic surfacing unit, usually relatively thin in relation to facial area, having either a glazed or unglazed face and fi red above red heat in the course of manufacture to a temperature suffi ciently high to produce specifi c physical properties and characteristics. Tile Assemblies: See defi
46、nition for Mounted Tile. Tile Edge: The tile edge has the following classifi cations: Beveled: An edge that has multiple angles. Cushioned: A rounded edge. Ground: Mechanically fi nished. Rustic: Edges that have been intentionally given the characteristics of chipped or scalloped features. Square: A
47、 90 degree angle. Tone: See Shade Value. Trim Units: Units of various shapes consisting of such items as bases, caps, corners, moldings, angles, and etc., necessary to achieve an installation of the desired sanitary and/or architectural design. Common trim unit shapes and designations are provided i
48、n Figures 1-50. Unglazed Tile: A tile having no glaze present, deriving color and texture from the materials of which the body is made and/or processes performed on the surface of the tile such as polishing, honing, or staining. Vitreous Tile: Tile with water absorption of more than 0.5%, but not mo
49、re than 3.0% (Class P2, E2, or O2). Wall Tile: A glazed or unglazed tile with a body that is suitable for interior wall use and which is usually non- vitreous (Class P4) for improved adhesion to vertical surfaces. Unless noted otherwise, these tiles will have attached spacing lugs. These tiles are also not required or expected to withstand excessive impact, abrasion, or be subjected to freeze/thaw cycling. A137.15 4.0 Tile Classifi cation 4.1 Class Class based on water absorption and forming method is given in Table 1. Table 1: Class and Corresponding Wate
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