AAMI-BE78-2002-R2008.pdf
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1、Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI BE78:2002/(R)2008 Biological evaluation of medical devices Part 10: Tests for irritation and delayed-type hypersensitivity Copyright Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Provided by IHS under license with AAMI
2、 Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/02/2009 02:13:48 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- The Objectives and Uses of AAMI Standards and Recommended Practices It is most important that the objectives and potential uses of an AAMI product standard
3、 or recommended practice are clearly understood. The objectives of AAMIs technical development program derive from AAMIs overall mission: the advancement of medical instrumentation. Essential to such advancement are (1) a continued increase in the safe and effective application of current technologi
4、es to patient care, and (2) the encouragement of new technologies. It is AAMIs view that standards and recommended practices can contribute significantly to the advancement of medical instrumentation, provided that they are drafted with attention to these objectives and provided that arbitrary and r
5、estrictive uses are avoided. A voluntary standard for a medical device recommends to the manufacturer the information that should be provided with or on the product, basic safety and performance criteria that should be con- sidered in qualifying the device for clinical use, and the measurement techn
6、iques that can be used to determine whether the device conforms with the safety and performance criteria and/or to compare the per- formance characteristics of different products. Some standards em- phasize the information that should be provided with the device, including performance characteristic
7、s, instructions for use, warnings and precautions, and other data considered important in ensuring the safe and effective use of the device in the clinical environment. Recommending the disclosure of performance characteristics often necessitates the development of specialized test methods to facili
8、tate uniformity in reporting; reaching consensus on these tests can represent a considerable part of committee work. When a drafting committee determines that clinical concerns warrant the establishment of minimum safety and performance criteria, referee tests must be provided and the reasons for es
9、tablishing the criteria must be documented in the rationale. A recommended practice provides guidelines for the use, care, and/or processing of a medical device or system. A recommended practice does not address device performance per se, but rather procedures and practices that will help ensure tha
10、t a device is used safely and effectively and that its performance will be maintained. Although a device standard is primarily directed to the manufac- turer, it may also be of value to the potential purchaser or user of the device as a fume of reference for device evaluation. Similarly, even though
11、 a recommended practice is usually oriented towards health care professionals, it may be useful to the manufacturer in better understanding the environment in which a medical device will be used. Also, some recommended practices, while not addressing device performance criteria, provide guidelines t
12、o industrial personnel on such subjects as sterilization processing, methods of collecting data to establish safety and efficacy, human engineering, and other processing or evaluation techniques; such guidelines may be useful to health care professionals in understanding industrial practices. In det
13、ermining whether an AAMI standard or recommended practice is relevant to the specific needs of a potential user of the document, several important concepts must be recognized: All AAMI standards and recommended practices are voluntary (unless, of course, they are adopted by government regulatory or
14、procurement authorities). The application of a standard or recom- mended practice is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Each AAMI standard or recommended practice reflects the collective expertise of a committee of health care professionals and indust
15、rial representatives, whose work has been reviewed nationally (and sometimes internationally). As such, the consensus recommendations embodied in a standard or recommended practice are intended to respond to clinical needs and, ultimately, to help ensure patient safety. A standard or recommended pra
16、ctice is limited, however, in the sense that it responds generally to perceived risks and conditions that may not always be relevant to specific situations. A standard or recommended practice is an important reference in responsible decision-making, but it should never replace responsible decisionma
17、king. Despite periodic review and revision (at least once every five years), a standard or recommended practice is necessarily a static document applied to a dynamic technology. Therefore, a standards user must carefully review the reasons why the document was initially developed and the specific ra
18、tionale for each of its provisions. This review will reveal whether the document remains relevant to the specific needs of the user. Particular care should be taken in applying a product standard to existing devices and equipment, and in applying a recommended practice to current procedures and prac
19、tices. While observed or potential risks with existing equipment typically form the basis for the safety and performance criteria defined in a standard, professional judgment must be used in applying these criteria to existing equip- ment. No single source of information will serve to identify a par
20、ticular product as “unsafe“. A voluntary standard can be used as one resource, but the ultimate decision as to product safety and efficacy must take into account the specifics of its utilization and, of course, cost-benefit considerations. Similarly, a recommended practice should be analyzed in the
21、context of the specific needs and resources of the individual institution or firm. Again, the rationale accompanying each AAMI standard and recommended practice is an excellent guide to the reasoning and data underlying its provision. In summary, a standard or recommended practice is truly useful on
22、ly when it is used in conjunction with other sources of information and policy guidance and in the context of professional experience and judgment. INTERPRETATIONS OF AAMI STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES Requests for interpretations of AAMI standards and recommended practices must be made in wri
23、ting, to the Manager for Technical Development. An official interpretation must be approved by letter ballot of the originating committee and subsequently reviewed and approved by the AAMI Standards Board. The interpretation will become official and representation of the Association only upon exhaus
24、tion of any appeals and upon publication of notice of interpre- tation in the “Standards Monitor“ section of the AAMI News. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation disclaims responsibility for any characterization or explanation of a standard or recommended practice which has
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