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1、Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 240TM 140-2006AATCC Technical Manual/2008 Developed in 1974 by AATCC Commit- tee RA87; reaffirmed 1976, 1977, 1980, 2006; editorially revised and reaffirmed 1985, 1990, 2001; editorially revised 1987, 1991, 1998; revised 1992 (wit
2、h title change), 1996 (with title change). Technically equivalent to ISO 105-Z06. 1. Purpose and Scope 1.1This test method provides a means of assessing the migration propensity of a pad liquor system containing dyes or pig- ments, subsequently referred to as colo- rants, and which may also contain
3、differ- ent types and amounts of migration inhibitors. 1.2 When drying conditions are not constant and/or uniform, uneven migra- tion may occur, causing shade variations during a run, or shade differences be- tween the face and back, or between side and center of the fabric. 2. Principle 2.1 Fabric
4、impregnated with colorant alone, or with colorant and auxiliaries, is dried while partially covered with a watch glass permitting differential drying and, therefore, migration to occur. The degree of migration is evaluated by visual examination, or by reflectance measure- ments of the covered and un
5、covered areas. 3. Terminology 3.1 colorant, n.a material which is applied to a substrate for the express pur- pose of changing the transmittance or re- flectance of visible light. NOTE: Dyes, pigments, tints and opti- cal brighteners are examples of colorants; soils are not colorants. 3.2 dye, n.a c
6、olorant applied to or formed in a substrate, via the molecularly dispersed state, which exhibits some de- gree of permanence. 3.3 migration, n.in textile process- ing, testing, storage and use, movement of a chemical, dye or pigment between fibers within a substrate or between sub- strates due to ca
7、pillary forces. (see also transfer.) 3.4 pigment, n.a colorant in particu- late form which is insoluble in a sub- strate, but which can be dispersed in the substrate to modify its color. 4. Safety Precautions NOTE: These safety precautions are for information purposes only. The pre- cautions are anc
8、illary to the testing proce- dures and are not intended to be all inclu- sive. It is the users responsibility to use safe and proper techniques in handling materials in this test method. Manufac- turers MUST be consulted for specific details such as material safety data sheets and other manufacturer
9、s recommenda- tions. All OSHA standards and rules must also be consulted and followed. 4.1 Follow good laboratory practices. Wear safety glasses in all laboratory areas. 4.2 Observe padder safety. Normal safeguards on padders should not be re- moved. Ensure that there is an adequate guard at the nip
10、 point. A foot-operated kickoff is recommended. 4.3 Handle all chemicals with care. Use chemical goggles or face shield, impervious gloves and an impervious apron when preparing buffered mock dyebaths with concentrated acids and sodium hydroxide. 4.4 An eyewash/safety shower should be located nearby
11、 and a self-contained breathing apparatus should be readily available for emergency use. 4.5 Exposure to chemicals used in this procedure must be controlled at or below levels set by governmental authorities (e.g., Occupational Safety and Health Administrations OSHA permissible exposure limits PEL a
12、s found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 of January 1, 1989). In addition, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) comprised of time weighted averages (TLV-TWA), short term exposure limits (TLV-STEL) and ceiling limits (TLV-C) are recommended as a gener
13、al guide for air contaminant exposure which should be met (see 13.1). 5. Uses and Limitations 5.1This method offers two alternative procedures: 5.1.1 Procedure A. The fabric/glass as- sembly (see 8.2) is allowed to dry at room temperature. The procedure is very simple, but time consuming (overnight)
14、. 5.1.2 Procedure B. The fabric/glass as- sembly (see 8.3) is dried in a laboratory dryer or oven, either with or without air circulation. This procedure is faster, but somewhat more complicated. 5.2 The test method may be used to compare the migration propensity of dyes and the effect on migration
15、of different types of migration inhibitors, thickeners and electrolyte. 5.3 The test method may be used to evaluate a pad liquor with which migra- tion has been found on a continuous dye range. The pad liquor composition may be modified by varying the amount or type of migration inhibitors and teste
16、d in the laboratory prior to the application on the range. The colorant concentrations, substrate and wet pickup should be the same in the laboratory as used on the range. It is then possible to correlate the test results with the improvement experi- enced in practice. 6. Apparatus and Materials 6.1
17、 Laboratory padder. 6.2 Glass plate, 600 350 mm (Proce- dure A). 6.3 Watch glasses (90 mm), 22 mm arch punch. 6.4 Aluminum rings: 110 mm outer di- ameter, 80 mm inner diameter and 1 mm thickness (Procedure B). 6.5 Clips (Procedure B). 6.6 Laboratory dryer or oven (Proce- dure B). 6.7 Gray Scale for
18、Color Change (for visual evaluation) (see 13.2). 6.8 Spectrophotometer (for evaluation by reflectance). 6.9 Fabric swatches (see 13.3 and 8.2.1 or 8.3.1). 7. Test Specimen 7.1 Colorant(s) in required concentra- tion(s). 7.2 Migration inhibitors, thickening agents and other auxiliaries (e.g., electro
19、- lyte for reactive dyes) may be used as ap- propriate. 8. Procedure 8.1 Pad Bath Preparation. 8.1.1 Prepare a pad bath appropriate to the colorant(s) with or without a migra- tion inhibitor. 8.2 Procedure A: Drying in Air at Room Temperature. 8.2.1 Pad a 150 300 mm swatch of fabric at 20 2C (68 4F)
20、. Other pad- ding temperatures may be used, but must then be stated in the report. Generally use a wet pickup of 60%, but adjust as neces- sary to simulate wet pickup of a particu- lar fabric to be run on a particular range (see 13.4). AATCC Test Method 140-2006 Dye and Pigment Migration in a Pad-Dr
21、y Process: Evaluation of Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists AATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 140-2006241 8.2.2 Immediately after padding place the fabric on a flat glass plate. Place the watch glass on the fabric as shown in Fig. 1 and leave the fabric to dry at room
22、tem- perature. Record the room temperature and relative humidity during drying. 8.2.3 Remove the watch glass. 8.3 Procedure B: Pin Frame Oven Dry- ing. 8.3.1 Pad a 110 220 mm swatch of fabric at 20 2C (68 4F). Other pad- ding temperatures may be used, but must then be stated in the report. Generally
23、, use a wet pickup of 60%, but adjust as neces- sary to simulate wet pickup of a particular fabric to be run on a particular range (see 13.4). 8.3.2 Immediately after padding mount the fabric taut on a pin frame, and sand- wich it between two watch glasses, one on the fabric face and one directly un
24、der- neath on the back of the fabric. Hold the watch glasses in place with two alumi- num rings and clamps as shown in Fig. 2. 8.3.3 Dry the fabric horizontally at 100 2C for approximately 7 min (or until dry) in a laboratory dryer or oven, with or without air circulation. 8.3.4 Remove the watch gla
25、sses. 9. Evaluation 9.1 Visual Evaluation. 9.1.1 Compare the depth of color of the fabric that was covered by the watch glass(es), Area A, to the depth of color of the fabric that was not covered, Area B, by reference to the Gray Scale for Color Change (see 13.5) and assign a migration grade (see 10
26、.4), (refer to AATCC Evalu- ation Procedures 1 and 7). 9.2 Evaluation by Reflectance Mea- surement. 9.2.1 Determine the reflectance of the watch glass(es) covered area of the fab- ric, Area A, and of the uncovered area of the fabric, Area B, using a spectropho- tometer (see 13.5 and 13.6). 9.2.2 Con
27、vert the reflectance values to K/S values to 4 decimal places, using equa- tion (1). The percent migration is calcu- lated to the nearest 1% from equation (2), (refer to AATCC Evaluation Procedure 6, 4.3 and 4.5). (1) K/S = (1 R)2/2R where: R = reflectance factor at the wave- length of maximum absor
28、ption. (The wavelength should be deter- mined for the reference Area B and used for both measurements.) (2) %M = 100 1 (K/S)a/(K/S)b where: (K/S)a= K/S value of Area A (speci- men) (K/S)b= K/S value of Area B (refer- ence) 10. Report 10.1 Report substrate, pad liquor com- position, including dyes, c
29、hemicals, aux- iliaries, etc. and wet pickup. 10.2 For Procedure A, report room temperature and relative humidity during drying. 10.3 For Procedure B, report whether dried with or without air circulation. 10.4 For visual examination, report as- sessment on a scale of 1-5 by reference to the Gray Sca
30、le for Color Change: Grade 5no migration Grade 4slight migration Grade 3medium migration Grade 2severe migration Grade 1very severe migration 10.5 For reflectance measurements, re- port percent migration using the outer dyed area as reference. 11. Precision and Bias 11.1 Precision for this test meth
31、od has not been established. Until a precision statement is generated for this test method, use standard statistical tech- niques in making any comparisons of test results for either within-laboratory or between-laboratory averages. 12. References 12.1 Etters, J. N., Textile Chemist and Colorist, Vo
32、l. 4, 1972, No. 6, p160. 12.2 Etters, J. N., Modern Knitting Man- Fig. 1Layout of apparatus for inducing colorant migration using procedure A. Fig. 2Layout of apparatus for inducing colorant migration using procedure B. Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 242TM 140-
33、2006AATCC Technical Manual/2008 agement, Vol. 51, 1973, No. 2, p24. 12.3 Gerber, H., Melliand Texblberichte, Vol. 53, 1972, No. 3, p335. 12.4 Lehmann, H., and Somm, F., Textile Praxis International, Vol. 28, 1973, No. 1, p52. 12.5 Northern Piedmont Section, AATCC, Textile Chemist and Colorist, Vol.
34、7, 1975, No. 11, p192. 12.6 Urbanik, A., and Etters, J. N., Textile Research Journal, Vol. 43, 1973, p657. 13. Notes 13.1 Available from Publications Office, ACGIH, Kemper Woods Center, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati OH 45240; tel: 513/742-2020. 13.2 Available from AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Researc
35、h Triangle Park NC 27709; tel: 919/549-8141; fax: 919-549-8933; e-mail: ordersaatcc.org. 13.3 For disperse dyes, vat dyes and pig- ments, generally the preferred fabric is a 65/35 polyester/cotton gabardine or heavy twill, heat-set, bleached and mercerized. For soluble dyes with affinity to cellulos
36、e (e.g., reactive dyes) a bleached and mercerized 100% cotton gabardine or heavy twill should be used. How- ever, any other fabric intended for use on a continuous dye range may be chosen. 13.4 The desired wet pickup is obtained by adjusting the pressure at the nip of the pad rolls. Wet pickup is th
37、e weight gained by the substrate at ambient conditions after padding: % wet pickup = 100 (A/B 1) where: A = weight after padding B = weight before padding 13.5 More accurate results may be obtained when, prior to the visual evaluation or mea- surement, the dye on the fabric is fixed by rel- evant, conventional methods; e.g., disperse dyes by thermosol, vat and reactive dyes by pad-steam. (Pigments do not change their aspect significantly by a conventional resin curing process.) 13.6 AATCC Evaluation Procedure 6, In- strumental Color Measurement (see 13.2).
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