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1、n . Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS
2、 under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Visual Quality Characteristics of Aluminum Sheet and Plate Fourth Edition February 2002 The Aluminum Association 9
3、00 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Copyright 02002 The Incorporated Aluminum Association Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking pe
4、rmitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABOUT THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION The Aluminum Association, based in Washington, DC, with off ices in Detroit, MI, represents U.S. and foreign-based primary producers of aluminum, as well as recyclers, and producers of semi-fabricated products. Member com- panies
5、operate almost 200 plants in the United States and many conduct business worldwide. NOTICE Disclaimer The use of any information contained herein by any member or non-member of The Aluminum Association is entirely voluntary The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the informat
6、ion con- tained in this book. While the Association believes that its compilation procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or completeness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the informat
7、ion herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other technical materials are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the in
8、terim between publica- tion and proposed use. I Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Visual Qual
9、ity Characteristics of Aluminum Sheet and Plate has been compiled by the Technology Committee of the Sheet and Plate Division as a reference for those who have an interest in these rolled products and who may have a need to know the terminology commonly used in this largest segment of the alu- minum
10、 industry. The terms are arranged alphabetically in the index based on the term noun fol- lowed by the appropriate adjective. There is a second index which categorizes the terms by the characteristics of flatness, metallurgical, surface, other and coating. The preferred terms, obtained by consensus,
11、 are defined; other terms for the same condition are cross-referenced in the alphabetical index. The reader should be mindful that terminology is the subject of this document. The visual quality characteristics defined, together with any visual repre- sentation, do not constitute quality standards.
12、In many instances, the defini- tions are enhanced by providing visual extremes. Wherever possible, typical causes are given for the visual characteristics. These causes may differ from the experience of the reader because of alternate equip- ment, processes or technology. This edition retains the us
13、e of inch as the unit of distance referenced on figures whenever it was available from original sources. Though a number of Association member companies provided pictures and sketches, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation and the Japan Light Metal Association also gave The Aluminum Association u
14、se of illustrations from their published documents as information sources. The 2002 Fourth Edition has been updated based upon suggestions made by Arvid N. Anderson, consultant. Mr. Anderson is the former chairman of The Aluminum Associations Task Group on Visual Quality Attributes of Aluminum Sheet
15、 and Plate. ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION SHEET AND PLATE DIVISION COMPANIES Alcan Inc. Alcoa, Inc. ARCO Aluminum Inc. Coastal Aluminum Rolling Mills, Inc. Corus Aluminium Rolled Products Jupiter Aluminum Corporation Kaiser Aluminum if at the head or tail end, it is called “alligatoring” or other synonym. In
16、 addition, a crack caused during ingot casting may appear as a lamination. A lamination need not extend to an exterior surface. LINE, LOOPER- Closely spaced symmetrical lines on the surface of metal which has undergone non-uniform deformation, usually in a drawing operation. If the deformed object i
17、s cylindrically shaped, the lines form a loop shaped like the letter “U”. MARK- Damage in the surface o f the product whose name is often described by source. See the following: MARK, ARBOR- Surface damage in the vicinity of a coil ID caused by contact with a roughened, damaged or non-circular arbor
18、. (No picture) MARK, BITE- A line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction. It is caused by the leading end of the metal entering the rolling mill resulting in a minor surface disruption. This disruption then transfers to the sur- face of the rolled metal in subsequent rotations. +
19、ROLLING DIRECTION - BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 16 MARK
20、, CHATTER (ROLL OR LEVELER)- Numerous intermittent lines or grooves that are usual- ly full width and perpendicular to the rolling direction. Conditions which create cyclic vertical vibration in or near the roll bite of the leveler or the rolling mill cause this surface appearance. The adjacent phot
21、o is a severe example; the lower photo is a mild example. ROLLING DIRECTION BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or net
22、working permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 17 MARK, HEAT TREAT CONTACT- Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the bound- ary of the stain. It is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the quenching of solution heat-treated flat sheet
23、or plate. MARK, INCLUSION- Appearance of surface where actual inclusion or the void it left is observed. See also “lnclusion,Stringer“. ROLLING DIRECTION ROLL I NG DI R ECTI ON 3 BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IH
24、S Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 18 MARK, ROLL- A small repeating raised or depressed area on rolled products caused by the opposite condition on a roll. The repeat distance is a fu
25、nction of the offending roll diameter. A typical cause is an unwanted particle which enters the work roll bite. The particle is crushed which simultaneously damages the work roll(s) to the pattern of the crushed particle. 4 ROLLING DIRECTION MARK, ROLL BRUISE- (Tail Mark) A greatly enlarged roll mar
26、k whose height or depth is very shallow. See also “Mark, Roll”. BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE 1 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking pe
27、rmitted without license from IHS -,-,- 19 MARK, ROLL SKID- (Roll Stop Mark) A full width line perpendicular to the rolling direction and repeating as a function of a work roll diameter. This line is often associated with scratch-like roll marks in the rolling direction. A roll skid mark is caused by
28、 a large relative velocity difference between adjacent work and backing rolls, such as may occur during sudden machine stops. MARK, RUB- A large number of very fine scratches. A rub mark can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling and movement in transit. Photo shows rub mark in additi
29、on to oil stain. See “Stain, Oil” for remainder of photo. ROLLING DIRECTION BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or net
30、working permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 20 MARK, STRETCHER JAW- A cross hatched appearance left by jaws at the end(s) of metal that has been stretched. These marks are seen if insufficient metal has been removed after the stretching operation. MARK, TRAFFIC- (Abrasion, Fretting) Abrasion wh
31、ich results from relative movement between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface. MARK, WHIP- A surface abrasion which is gener
32、ally diagonal to the rolling direction. It is caused by a fluttering action of the metal as it enters the rolling mill. (No picture) i BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie No
33、t for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 21 O UT-O F- R EG I STE R - An embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of the male and female embossing rolls. PICKUP, ROLL- (Glaze, Hot Line Pickup, Oxide Streak) Small particle of al
34、uminum and aluminum oxide genet-. ated in the roll bite which subsequently transfers to the rolled product. It may be distributed uniformly and/or in streaks. See also “Streak, Coating”. ROLLING DIRECTION BAREANDA- Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA License
35、e=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 22 PIT- A depression in the rolled surface which is usually not visible from opposite side. This is usually creat- ed in post-rolling circumstan
36、ces such as etching (etch pits) or passing over debris on sheet finishing equipment. ROLLING DIRECTION ETCH PITS PIT CAUSED BY DEBRIS ROLL GRIND- The uniform ground finish on the work rolls which is impaited to the sheet or plate during rolling. Work rolls are ground to a measured roughness range to
37、 satisfy the intended application of the rolled product. One common measurement calculation is called “Roughness Average whose symbol is Ra . It is the average height of roughness irregularities measured from a mean line within the evaluation length (L). In diagram form, In formula form, Y 1 +Y2+Y3+
38、-Yn Ra (approx.)= n ROCLING DIRECTION 16X - .O3125 inch BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted wi
39、thout license from IHS -,-,- 23 ROLLED-IN METAL- An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the surface of the product. SCRATCH- (Nick) Sharp indentation in the surface of the product usual- ly caused by a machine or during handling. A scratch is often described by source. See the following
40、 examples: SCRATCH, DRAG- (Machine Scratch) An indentation which is straight, is in the rolling direc- tion and is caused by contact with a sharp projection on equipment. SCRATCH, FRICTION- A scratch caused by relative motion between two contacting surfaces. ROLLING DIRECTION BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET A
41、ND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 24 SCRATCH, HANDLING- A more severe form of rub ma
42、rk. See “Mark, Rub. MILD I SCRATCH, OSCILLATION- Minor indentation at an angle to the rolling direction that results from coil oscillation during unwinding or rewinding. SCRATCH, ROLLED-IN- A scratch which is subsequently rolled. It will then appear as a greyish white ladder (distinct transverse lin
43、es within the longitudinal indentation). SEVERE I ROLLING DIRECTION BARE AND ALCLAD SHEET AND PLATE Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking
44、permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 25 ROLLING DIRECTION SCRATCH, TENSION- (Cinching, Slippage Scratch, Takeup Mark) A short longitudinal indentation parallel to the rolling direction. This condition is caused by relative move- ment between adjacent wraps of a coil during unwinding or rewinding
45、 operations. SLIVER- Thin fragment of aluminum which is part of the material but only partially attached. Surface damage or residual liquation which is subsequently rolled are typical causes. SMUDGE- (Smut) A dark film of debris, sometimes covering large areas, deposited on the sheet during rolling.
46、 (No picture) STAIN, HEAT TREAT- (Oxide Discoloration) A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during thermal treatment. 4 ROLLING DIRECTION I- ROLLING DIRECTION + BARE AND A L C L A - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IH
47、S Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:56:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 26 ROLUNG DIRECTION STAIN, O I L - (Bloom, Brown Stain, Lacquer) Surface discoloration which may vary from dark brown to white and is produced during thermal treatment by incomplete evaporation and/or oxidation of lubricants on the surface. STREAK (STRIPE)- (Bright Streak) A superficial band or elongated mark which produces a non-uniform surface appearance (accentuated in
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