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1、Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 294TM 169-2003AATCC Technical Manual/2008 Developed in 1987 by Committee RA64; jurisdiction transferred in 2007 to Com- mittee RA50; reaffirmed 1988, 1989; re- vised 1990, 2003; editorially revised and reaffirmed 1995; editorially
2、 revised 2007. 1. Purpose and Scope 1.1 This test method provides a proce- dure for the exposure of textile materials of all kinds, including coated fabrics and products made thereof, in an artificial weathering apparatus using controlled conditions of test. This test method in- cludes procedures fo
3、r both controlled wetting and no wetting of the specimen. 1.2 Resistance to degradation is mea- sured either as percent strength loss or percent residual strength (breaking, tear- ing, or bursting) and/or colorfastness of the material when evaluated under stan- dard textile testing conditions. 2. Pr
4、inciple 2.1 Samples of the textile material to be tested and the agreed upon comparison standard are exposed simultaneously to a xenon lamp source under specified condi- tions. Resistance of the test material to degradation is compared to that of a com- parison standard. 3. Terminology 3.1 breaking
5、strength, n.the maxi- mum force applied to a specimen in a ten- sile test carried to rupture. 3.2 bursting strength, n.the force or pressure required to rupture a textile by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. 3.3 colorfastness,
6、 n.the resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer of its colo- rant(s) to adjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the material to any environment that might be encoun- tered during processing, storage, use or testing of the material. 3.4 irr
7、adiance, n.radiant power per unit area as a function of wavelength ex- pressed as watts per square meter, W/m2. 3.5 irradiation, n.the time integral of irradiance expressed in joules per square meter (J/m2). 3.6 radiant energy, n.energy travel- ing through space in the form of photons or electromagn
8、etic waves of various lengths. 3.7 radiant flux density, n.rate of flow of the radiant energy past the specimen. 3.8 radiant power, n.energy per unit time emitted, transferred, or received as radiation. 3.9 spectral energy distribution, n. the variation of energy due to the source over the wavelengt
9、h span of the emitted radiation. 3.10 spectral transmittance, n.the percent of incident radiant energy passing through a given material and not ab- sorbed in the process, as a function of wavelength. 3.11 standard atmosphere for testing textiles, n.air maintained at 21 1C (70 2F) and 65 2% relative
10、humidity. 3.12 tearing strength, n.the average force required to continue a tear previ- ously started in a fabric. 3.13 total irradiance, n.radiant power integrated over all wavelengths at a point in time expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2). 3.14 weather, n.climatic conditions at a given geog
11、raphical location, includ- ing such factors as sunlight, rain, humid- ity, and temperature. 3.15 weather resistance, n.ability of a material to resist degradation of its properties when exposed to climatic con- ditions. 4. Safety Precautions NOTE: These safety precautions are for information purpose
12、s only. The pre- cautions are ancillary to the testing proce- dures and are not intended to be all inclu- sive. It is the users responsibility to use safe and proper techniques in handling materials in this test method. Manufac- turers MUST be consulted for specific details such as safety data sheet
13、s and other manufacturers recommendations. All OSHA standards and rules must also be consulted and followed. 4.1 Do not operate the test equipment until the manufacturers operating in- structions have been read and under- stood. It is the responsibility of whoever operates the test equipment to conf
14、orm to the manufacturers directions for safe op- eration. 4.2 The test equipment contains high intensity lamps. The door of the test ma- chine must be kept closed whenever it is running. 4.3 Before servicing xenon lamps, al- low time for cool down after test machine is shut down. 4.4 When servicing
15、the test machine, shut off both the off switch and, if appli- cable, unplug the machine from the wall electrical socket. Insure that the main power indicator light on the machine front panel goes out. 5. Uses and Limitations 5.1 Results obtained by this test method should not be considered equiva- l
16、ent to those results obtained by weather- ing in an outdoor environment unless a mathematical correlation for a given ma- terial has been established and agreed upon by the contractual parties. Outdoor environments vary with respect to sea- son, geography and topography and, as a consequence, the ef
17、fects of outdoor expo- sure will vary accordingly. Not all mate- rials are affected equally by the same environment. The instruments for deter- mining weather resistance described in this test method are considered satisfac- tory, since they have been used exten- sively in the trade for acceptance t
18、esting of textile materials. The decision as to which machine type to use should be agreed upon by the purchaser and sup- plier based on their historical data and ex- perience. There may be distinct differ- ence in spectral distribution, water spray application, air and humidity sensor loca- tion, a
19、nd test chamber size between weathering test machines supplied by dif- ferent manufacturers that can result in differences in reported test results (see 16.1-16.8). Consequently, data obtained from machines supplied by different manufacturers and different size test chambers and xenon lamps cannot b
20、e used interchangeably unless a mathemati- cal correlation has been established and agreed upon. No comparison between differently manufactured test apparatus is known to AATCC Committee RA64. 5.2 When using this test method, the contracting parties must agree upon a rea- sonable test program cycle
21、incorporating light, humidity, and wetting effects. The cycle selected must reflect expected envi- ronmental conditions relative to season, geography, and topography associated with the use of the material (see Option 1, 7.2.1). 5.3 When using this test method, use a standard of comparison, which ha
22、s a known change in property value after a specific exposure. 5.4 Other procedures for measuring resistance to degradation can be used as agreed upon between the contracting parties. AATCC Test Method 169-2003 Weather Resistance of Textiles: Xenon Lamp Exposure Copyright 2007 American Association of
23、 Textile Chemists and Colorists AATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 169-2003295 6. Apparatus 6.1 Different types of xenon-arc test apparatus may be utilized provided that the test apparatus is constructed of corro- sion resistant material and shall provide for means of automatically controlling ir- radian
24、ce level, humidity level, chamber air temperature, and Black Panel or Black Standard Thermometer temperature. 6.2 Xenon-Arc Light Source. The xe- non-arc test apparatus utilizes a long-arc quartz-jacketed xenon-arc lamp as the source of irradiance, which emits radia- tion from below 270 nm in the ul
25、traviolet through the visible spectrum and into the infrared. While all of the xenon-arc lamps are of the same general type, dif- ferent size lamps operated in different wattage ranges are employed in several sizes and types of apparatus. In each of the various models, the specimen rack varies accor
26、ding to the lamp size and the wattage at which it is operated to provide an irradiance at the face of the specimen of 0.35 W/m2 measured at 340 nm or equivalent when exposed in standard holders. Operate the xenon-arc test apparatus in accordance to one of the selected test cycle Options 1-4 (see 7.2
27、.1- 7.2.4). 6.2.1 FilterIn order for xenon-arcs to simulate terrestrial daylight, filters must be used to remove short wavelength UV radiation. In addition, filters to remove infrared radiation may be used to prevent unrealistic heating of test specimens that can cause thermal degradation not experi
28、- enced during outdoor exposures. Xenon-Arc test apparatus shall be equipped with a Daylight Filter to pro- vide the appropriate spectrum. The Day- light Filter shall comply with the relative spectral power distribution requirements specified in Appendix A. 6.2.2 Follow the xenon-arc test appara- tu
29、s manufacturers instructions for rec- ommended maintenance. Refer to Notes section for specific test apparatus de- scriptions and suppliers. Unless other- wise specified, control the level of irradi- ance to 0.35 0.01 W/m2/nm bandpass at 340 nm, or 40 1.5 W/m2 bandpass at 300-400 nm unless otherwise
30、 specified. Operate the xenon-arc test apparatus in accordance to one of the selected test cy- cle Options 1-4 (see 7.2.1-7.2.4). 7. Test Cycle Determination 7.1 The test cycle is determined by the influencing factors of the end-use, in par- ticular, the climatic conditions. Not all materials are af
31、fected equally by the same environment. Results obtained by the use of any one test cycle may not be representative of those of any other test cycle or any outdoor weathering test. Acceleration factors derived for one geographic location do not necessarily apply to any other geographic location. How
32、ever, certain test cycles have been used to group similar climates with re- spect to the test cycle. 7.2 The nature of the test material con- tributes to the selection of the appropriate test cycle with respect to UV exposure, wetting, wet time and temperature. The apparatus may be equipped to monit
33、or specific portions of a continuous spec- trum, control the level of irradiance to 0.35 0.01 W/m2/nm bandpass at 340 nm, or 40 1.5 W/m2 bandpass at 300- 400 nm unless otherwise specified. The following test cycle options have been used for textile materials. 7.2.1 Option 1This cycle has been used t
34、o approximate a semi-tropical cli- mate such as found in South Florida: 120 min cycle, 90 min light only, 70 5% RH, alternating with 30 min light and wa- ter spray, black panel temperature 77 3C (170 5F). 7.2.2 Option 2This cycle has been used to approximate a semi-tropical cli- mate such as found i
35、n South Florida when appropriate machine water supply is restricted: 120 min cycle, 60 min light only, 70 5% RH, alternating with 60 min dark, black panel temperature 77 3C (170 5F), no water spray. 7.2.3 Option 3This cycle has been used to approximate a semi-arid climate such as found in Phoenix, A
36、rizona: Light on cycle, continuous light only, no water spray, black panel temperature 77 3C (170 5F), 27 3% RH. 7.2.4 Option 4This cycle has been used to approximate a temperate climate such as found in Columbus, Ohio: 120 min cycle, 102 min light only, 50 5% RH, alternating with 18 min of light an
37、d water spray, black panel temperature 63 3C (145 5F). 7.3 The use of these cycles does not imply, expressly or otherwise, an acceler- ated weathering test. This test method is not restricted to the use of these cycles. 8. Standards for Comparison 8.1 Standards for comparison must be determined and
38、agreed upon by the con- tractual parties. The standards can be any suitable textile material where a history of the rates of strength degradation or color change is known. Standards must be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen. The standard used with water spray options must not show any ch
39、arac- ter change as a result of the water spray. The use of the standard is to determine time-to-time equipment and test proce- dure variations. If test results of the ex- posed standards differ by more than 10% from the known standard data, thor- oughly review the test machine operating conditions,
40、 and correct any malfunctions or defective parts. Then, repeat the test. If the data still differ by more than 10% from the known data and there is no evi- dence of machine malfunction, then the standard should be questioned and re- evaluated. 8.2 When colorfastness is the sole evaluation criterion,
41、 Blue Wool Stan- dards, as defined in AATCC Method 16, Colorfastness to Light, are acceptable for options using no water spray. However, use caution since the rate of any fade of the Blue Wool Standards by any one test method may not agree with that of other test methods. 8.3 Visual Comparisonequals
42、 the Step 4 color change of the Gray Scale for Color Change, or equals the L4 Standard of Fade applicable to the Lot designation used. 8.4 Instrumental Color Measure- mentfor Lot 5, AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard L4, equals 1.7 0.3 CIELAB units of color change as de- termined by AATCC Evalua
43、tion Proce- dure 6, Instrumental Color Measurement. Other Lot designations of AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard L4 equals the CIELAB units of color change speci- fied on the calibration certificate supplied with the standard as determined by AATCC Evaluation Procedure 6. Table IAATCC Fading Uni
44、t and Light Exposure Equivalents for AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard AATCC Fading Units Xenon Only kJ/m2/nm 420 nm Xenon Only kJ/m2 300-400 nm L2521864 L310431728 aL4a 20 b85b 3456 L5401706912 L680 b340b 13824 L716068027648 L8320136055296 L9640272011059
45、2 aFor color change of 1.7 0.3 CIELAB units or Step 4 on the AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change. bVerified by experiment using Daylight Behind Glass and Xenon-Arc, Continuous Light. All other values are calcu- lated (see Note 32.18 in AATCC TM 16). Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemi
46、sts and Colorists 296TM 169-2003AATCC Technical Manual/2008 9. Test Specimens 9.1 Number of SpecimensUse repli- cate specimens (see 16.9) of both the material to be tested and the standard for comparison as required to ensure accuracy. 9.2 Fabric Specimen Size, Initial These dimensions are given as
47、a general guide and in most cases will be adequate to perform the required evaluation. Cer- tain materials may undergo dimensional change during exposure. The test equip- ment manufacturer, physical test appara- tus, and number of replicate specimens required will affect the needed sample size. Revi
48、ew the test procedures given in 13.3 to ensure that a sufficient number of specimens are exposed for the individual tests of degradation (see 16.10). Mini- mize the effect of fabric variation by ran- domly selecting pairs of test specimens from a fabric sample. One specimen from each pair is used fo
49、r the exposure, the second, is used for the control (unex- posed) test. Each pair of specimens shall contain the same warp yarns for warp- wise tests and the same fill yarns for fill- ingwise tests. No two pairs of test speci- mens cut parallel to the warp should contain the same set of warp ends, and no two pairs of test specimens cut parallel to the filling should contain the same set of filling picks. Cut samples for the speci- fied test procedures as follows: 9.2.1 Breaking StrengthWhen strip breakin
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