ACI-210.1R-1994-R1999.pdf
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1、ACI 210.1 R-94 Compendium of Case Histories on Repair of Erosion-Damaged Concrete in Hydraulic Structures Reported by ACI Committee 210 (Reapproved 1999) Stephen B. Tatro Chairman Patrick J. Creegan Angel E. Herrera James R. Graham Richard A . Kaden This report is a companion document to ACI 210R. I
2、t contains a series of case histories on hydraulic structures that have been damaged by erosion from various physical mechanical and chemical actions. Many of these structures have been successfully repaired. There were many examples to select from; however, the committee has selected recent, typica
3、l projects, with differing repair techniques, to provide a broad range of current exper- ience. These case histories cover only damage to the hydraulic surfaces due to the action of water, waterborne material or chemical attack of concrete from fluids conveyed along the hydraulic passages. In additi
4、on to repairs of the damaged concrete, remedial work frequently includes design modi- fications that are intended to eliminate or minimize the action that pro- duced the damage. This report does not cover repair of concrete damaged by other environmental factors such as freeze-thaw, expansive aggreg
5、ate, or corroding reinforcement. Keywords: abrasion; abrasion resistance; aeration; cavitation; chemical attack; concrete dams; concrete pipes; corrosion; corrosion resistance; deterioration; erosion; grinding (material removal); high-strength concrete hydraulic structures; maintenance; outlet works
6、; penstocks; pipe linings; pipes (tubes); pittings; polymer concrete; renovating; repairs; sewers; spillways; tolerances (mechanics); wear. CONTENTS Chapter l-Introduction, p. 210.1R-1 Chapter 2-Cavitation-erosion case histories, p. 210.1R-2 Dworshak Dam Glen Canyon Dam Lower Monumental Dam Lucky Pe
7、ak Dam Terzaghi Dam Yellowtail Afterbay Dam Yellowtail Dam Keenleyside Dam ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in designing, plan- ning, executing, or inspecting construction and in preparing specifications. References to these documents shal
8、l not be made in the Project Documents. If items found in these documents are desired to be part of the Project Docu- ments, they should be phrased in mandatory language and incorporated into the Project Documents. James E. McDonald Ernest K. Schrader Chapter 3-Abrasion-erosion case histories, p. 21
9、O.lR-13 Espinosa Irrigation Diversion Dam Kinzua Dam Los Angeles River Channel Nolin Lake Dam Pine River Watershed, Structure No. 41 Pomona Dam Providence-Millville Diversion Structure Red Rock Dam Sheldon Gulch Siphon Chapter 4-Chemical attack-erosion case histories, p. 210.1R-25 Barceloneta Trunk
10、Sewer Dworshak National Fish Hatchery Los Angeles Sanitary Sewer System and Hyperion Sewage Treatment Facility Pecos Arroyo Watershed, Site 1 Chapter 5-Project reference List, p. 210.1R-32 CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION This compendium of case histories provides informa- tion on damage that has occurred to
11、hydraulic structures and the various methods of repair that have been used. ACI Committee 210 has prepared this report to help oth- ers experiencing similar problems in existing work. Knowledge gained from these experiences may help ACI 210.1R-94 became effective Nov. 1.1994. Copyright 8 1994, Ameri
12、can Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any elec- tronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction for use in any
13、knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from tbe copyright proprietors. 210.1R-1 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 01:37:58 MSTNo r
14、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 210.1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT avoid oversights in design and construction of hydraulic structures and provide guidance in the treatment of future problems. Erosion of concrete in hydraulic structures may occur as a result of abrasive
15、 action, cavitation, or chemical attack. Damage may develop rapidly after some unusual event such as a flood or it may develop gradually during normal continuous operation or use. In most cases where damage has occurred, simply replacing the eroded con- crete will ensure immediate serviceability, bu
16、t may not ensure long-term performance of the structure. There- fore, repair work usually includes replacing eroded concrete with a more resistant concrete and additional surface treatment, modifying the design or operation of the structure to eliminate the mechanism that produced the damage, or bot
17、h. A detailed discussion of mechan- isms causing erosion in hydraulic structures, and recommendations on maintenance and repair, is con- tained in ACI 210R. When damage does occur to hydraulic structures, repair work poses some unique problems and is often very costly. Direct access to the damaged a
18、rea may not be possible, or may be limited by time, or other con- straints. In some cases, such as repair to spillway stilling basin floors, expensive bulkheads and dewatering are required. It may not be possible to completely dry the area to be repaired or maintain the most desirable temperature. A
19、 great deal of planning and scheduling for repair work are normally required, not only for the repairs and access, but also for control of water releases and reservoir levels. If time permits, extensive inves- tigation usually precedes planning and scheduling to determine the nature and extent of da
20、mage. Hydraulic model studies may also be necessary to evaluate possible modifications in the design or operation of the facility. This compendium provides the history on 21 projects with hydraulic erosion damage. They vary in size and cover a variety of problems: 8 with cavitation damage, 9 with ab
21、rasion-erosion damage, and 4 with erosion damage from chemical attack. Table 1.1 summarizes the projects. Each repair was slightly different. Each history includes background information on the project or facil- ity, the problem of erosion, the selected solution to the problem, and the performance o
22、f the corrective action. Histories also contain references and owner information if further details are needed. CHAPTER 2-CAVITATION-EROSION CASE HISTORIES DWORSHAK DAM North Fork, Clearwater River, Idaho BACKGROUND Dworshak Dam, operational in 1973, is a straight-axis concrete gravity dam, 717 ft h
23、igh, 3287 ft long at the crest, and contains 6,500,000 cubic yards of concrete. In addition to two gated overflow spillways, three regulating outlets, 12 ft wide by 17 ft high, are located in the spill- way monoliths. The inlet elevation for each regulating outlet is 250 ft below the maximum reservo
24、ir elevation. Each outlet jet is capable of a maximum discharge of 14,000 fij/s. Outlet surfaces are reinforced structural concrete placed concurrently with adjacent lean, large aggregate concrete. Coatings to the outlet surfaces were applied during the original construction. In Outlet 1, the wall a
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