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1、93FTM6 I Effect of Radial Runouton ElementMeasurements by: I. Laskin, Consultant;R. E. Smith, R. E. Smith and E. Lawson, AmericanSykes Co. I AmericanGearManufacturersAssociation TECHNICALPAPER Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Empl
2、oyees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Effect of Radial Runout on Element Measurements I. Laskin, Consultant;R. E. Smith, R. E. Smith and E. Lawson,American Sykes Co. The statementsandopinionsc
3、ontainedhereinarethoseoftheauthorandshouldnotbeconstruedas anofficialactionor opinionof the AmericanGearManufacturers Association. ABSTRACT: Radial runoutinagearcancontributesubstantially tomeasured valuesofProfile,Pitch,Index,andinhelicalgears,Tooth Alignment(Lead)Variations.Thispapertakeseachof th
4、esevariationsinturnandforAGMAStandard measurement methods,gives the equationthatrelateslhemeasuredvaluestothe amountofradialrunoutin anotherwise ideal gear. Todemonstratethese relationships,the resultsof actual measurements arecomparedto valuescalculatedfromthese equations. Thetestgearusedwas aspeci
5、allydesignedmastergear,itself withoutappreciable runout,butwithapreset amountof runoutintroducedby mountingonan eccentricarbor.Forthese comparisons,bothCNCand othertypesof inspectionequipmentwereused. Measurements arealso providedforthe mastergearwithoutthepreset runout. Thereisalsodiscussionofhowth
6、eguidance providedbytheequations canbe usedtoaidinterpretation ofgearinspection data, toexplaindifferencesbetweenmeasurementmethods,andtoencouragerevision ofelementtolerances. Copyright 1993 AmericanGear Manufacturers Association 1500 KingStreet,Suite201 Alexandria,Virginia,22314 October, 1993 ISBN:
7、 1-55589-599-9 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- EffectofRadialRunoutonElementMea
8、surements IrvingLaskin,Consultant,Sharon,MA RobertE.Smith,R.E.SmithIF.lEEq161 Forwidefacegearswhosemeasuredfacewidthisthree-quartersof theleadorgreater,theToothAlignmentVariationwillbeindependent offacewidthandtheselectionoftheteeth,asindicatedinthe followingequation: =V_ _ COSl_._for:IFMI I- 1tEq T
9、estGearandMeasurements Atestprocedurewasusedtoexaminetheaccuracyoftheequationsgivenabove. - A specialhelicaltestgearwasdesignedandmanufactured.SeeTable2(a)forthe geardesigndataandTable2(bfortheadditionalcalculatedgeardatarequiredbythe equations.ThegearitselfwasmadewithverylittleRunoutwithrespecttoit
10、sdatum bore.It wasalsoveryaccurateintermsoftheotherelementvariations.Measurementson thistestgear,maderelativetoitsbore,arelistedinTable3. -EccentricitywasintroducedSntothisgearbytwomethods,eachselectedtosuit thegearlocatingfeatureontheinspectionequipmentusedforthespecificmeasurement. Onemethodinvolv
11、edtheuseofa specialarborwithcenterholesateachendandan outsidediametergroundeccentrictothecenters,withthedirectionoftheeccentricity identified.Whenfittedsnuglyintothegearborewiththeorientationofthe eccentricitycontrolled,thisarborintroducedthespecifiedrunoutmagnitudeand direction.Inthesecondmethod,th
12、etestgearwasmountedontherotatingtableofthe inspectionequipmentwithitsboredisplacedfromthetableaxissoastointroducea similarrunout.Thedatadefiningtheeccentricityandotheraspectsoftheinspection set-upsaregiveninTable2(c).Relateddatausedintheequationsandcalculatedfroma combinationofgearandset-updata,arel
13、istedinTable2(d). - Thetestgearwithitssuperimposedrunoutwasinspectedusingbothtraditional equipmentandcomputercontrolledequipment.(Theresultswereessentiallythesameand onlythosefromthelatterarereportedhere.MeasurementtracesareshowninFigures 14(a),(b,and(c).SelectedmeasurementdataarelistedinTable4. Cal
14、culatedMeasurements Usingtheset-updataandthedesigndatalistedinTable2,selectedmeasurement datawascalculatedforcomparisontotheactualmeasurementdata.Thiscomparisonis showninTable4.Thesmalldifferencescanbeattributedtosomeapproximationsinthe set-uppositioningoftheprobe,tothesmallvariatlonsinthetestgear,a
15、ndtothe inherentvariabilityin themeasurementprocesses. CommentsandRecommendations TheequationspresentedherecanbeusedtoevaluatetheeffectofRunout(dueto eccentricity)ontheotherelementVariations.IffutureversionsoftheAGMAInspection HandbookwillcontinuethepracticeofdefiningtheseotherVariationsastoincludet
16、he effectofRunout,thentheequationsforthetolerancesshouldberevisedtoincorporate theresultsfromtheseequations.Forexample,ProfileandPitchtolerancesshould reflectthefactthatthesameRunoutaddsmoretoeachofthecorrespondingVariationin gearswithsmallnumbersofteeththanitdoesingearswithlargenumbersofteeth. Also
17、,ToothAlignmenttolerancesforhelicalgearsshouldreflecthowthecontributionof RunouttoToothAlignmentVariationiseffectedbytherelationshipoffacewidthtolead andnotmerelybyfacewidthbyitself. TheAGMAHandbookshouldalsoconsiderdefiningadditional(orsubstitute)Profile, IndexandFitch,andToothAlignmentVariationsfr
18、omwhichtheeffectofRunouthasbeen removed.Suchvariationswillbetterpredicthowthegearwithperforminoperationwhere eccentricityhas,atbest,a secondaryinfluence.SeparatingtheeffectofRunoutfrom thecurrenttypesofmeasurementdataisnowpracticalwithmoderndataprocessing techniques.Numericalmethodssuitableforsuchca
19、lculationsshouldbedevelopedand publishedinanAGMAdocument. Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
20、 IHS -,-,- Differencesamongthevariousmakesofinspectionequipmentintoothsurface identificationanddirectionandlocationofmeasurementssuggeststhatAGMAmakegreater effortstostandardizetheseinspectionreportingfeatures.Attheveryleast,those usingtheresultsofIndexandPitchmeasurementsshouldbehelpedtorecognizeth
21、at directionandlocation(diametercaninfluencetheproperinterpretationofinspection data.Wherecomputercontrolledequipmentcalulatesinspectionresultsindirectlyfrom othertypesofmeasurements,asforexampleRunoutdatafromIndexmeasurements,a CalibrationStandardisneededtorevealanyshortcomingsofsuchprocedures.Inth
22、e absenceofsuchaStandard,qualifyingtestsshouldemployeccentrictestgearsoffew. teethandhighhelixanglestouncoverpossiblesoftwarelimitations. Acknowledgements MGleasonWorks,Rochester,NY;R.B.Smithrec;onoF Eccen_/_._,._Face_/id_h, F Too,K=i _otMeasurementPlane _tMeasurementPo;n-t I-I M=“ Measuremen Plane
23、Figure6: HetlcaL Gearwith MeasurementPointM LocatedReLativetoEccentricitye i EccenricProFlte-II Concenr;c ProFileIIIOekM-_Bt + EMQekM-C_Bi+ EM B,seCirc,e_.LI/LJTooh_/_f_ EccenrlcltyLine QekM- elM+(k-I)TM,L= esinekM- O(Bt+ EM (o) EccentrlcandConcentricProFies(b) Me_suremenvs, Fccentrlciy Figure7: Pro
24、File Measurementon EccentricGear,LeFtFlank 12 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- P
25、roFile V_ri_ion M_ + I IN_,NK=t+ IN :_l _,- _:“_. 7-i,. ,_ II II OezC._CD “- (o) ProFile Irocesonsine cure +J_Slope - -7Max, SLope-LMax, S_ope_J (C) FOP C Ioc_ilons(best“i_Ox_utt SlOpe) (b) Profiletr_CeSFor It locations(,worst S moxEnum stope) FigureBlProqileMeasuremens,LeFFlank eSIFIC)ekM + (l)Mt-(
26、_ PHI MxL- cos_p._ e_._.-e_.*(k_ZI)_ Measurement LineI _Tooth Profile Eccentr,c,tyI,_ Bolt P_obe/_.IP_ c_o,o_ - C_II .eosur-_-_,enl Circle-_/EccentricProFilei e sinE)ekM+(1)Mt - OpMI ToothNo. RConcentric ProFile C, (a) Eccentric ond Concenlrlc ProFiles) Meosurementvs. Eccenriclly Figure9_IndexMeosur
27、emenonEccentricGear,Le?tFlank Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Peakoath e_ Vx(to
28、t)=Totat MxL4-_cosqbl_l;Index Varlatlon Eccenirlclt_“I“_Ec.centrlclty (to_ -p)_W( I _lPiic:h Variolion OelM T j4“_J_ _ / |L_1_ (_l,rlt_ _ pm._ )4I T!23N-PN-1N1k(tooth (a)IndexNeasuremens,leftFlanknumber) MxR 4- EccentricltvPeakEccentrlciy tooih (0n-t-_ pr_i) “r123N-2N-INIk (b) IndexNeasurements,righ
29、tFrank FigureI0:IndexHeasurenents 90“-(mt- _ pint ) I -“ “+Peak,I MxR_Eccentricity rightFlank_I FlankRight2(mt_epnt)_-= _ II I23N-2N-IN2k(tooth IInumber) I LeftReversePeekI FlankI.eFtFlankI MxL-I-Peek,letFlankI Figure11:IndexMeasurementsPtottedBack-to-Back 14 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers As
30、sociation Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MxLMp_l-m -_ MP(3-4) 234N-2N-1NI_,k(equlvalent “(N-I.5)(N+,5) L-vp(-pitchvariation)toot
31、hnumber) (-) (b)PichMeasuremens Figure12;IndexandPichVariations ToOhNo,KI“L(lead)- (a)Fullcyctetoothalignment(b)Narrow(c)_/ide meesuremensacetraces6ceraces Figure13:ToothAlignmentMeosurements 15 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Em
32、ployees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- PI“II GERRDEPT.INVOLUTEPMIGERRnEPT.LERD “ : “tft I|II|I IIInl_;_li_.-t-?L,I! I!iI!III_iLLi:i i“ ,_iii_.-P, _lilittIi Lill_“Z_-_I;_ 7iI_ t Ii!| i_-|IItI1
33、%J1iiiiI/IIt _-_ _-LJ_.LIt! ,tt, -ii-FIIi-i_LI |I _iI_ t Iiii i .j_1.I.,i4.4_144.|,_-.-.,-i! _,-H-I,_.I_,_,_,_II_, I,“-_I - , , !ii.,I,“, i i ii i.J ,i.,iI I J i ii“!;_i il-i_li_lii!i4-_ _7i-;_,-: I_IiI,iiI Ii-TI!IiIIill,Iti!ii II liillil_W,IiiI 1-lIIJ IiiI._Iiiii! IIii! Ilie1_W-i_I_i -, , , ,i,: -I
34、iIII)iiilitII)iiiliiI I1 iIii I-_“-.!-iII t.I-JJiiIIii_,-_-._L _ -.r-iI! IIIII 1 IIIIIIiI III II1 Ii!IfI_t.,._l.ill,.,_.lii _“_“_Ii ,i I!lI -iiiiii!iI! I!I! !I!iI!III-i! ,., ,_,_,_,.,.-,.,.,_u,uII_-i!I.t lIItl-IIt 11IIIIJ It iii iII)_-_-,i-i-I“ll“l|l,I.lt- I) I_DII“_-|_! IIiIIIiiI 1:17-1_11tI1 !IIIt
35、IIillill_-._,_ I.-.-I “,-ItI l-l-IIIIIIII! 7.I IIIIII II iI tIIiIIIII Itt.lJ “4_J.l#IILl_i i_LL/_ iti,i ,iiII, ,i iI tIItiii _il|Iliii_iI1_l “I u_7711IIIIIII IIIIIi_LIIIIIIIIIIII1.-11TM_II_|,I _-IIIiii _“i-LII IIII“11IIIIiI I11IiIIIIIIIIlilll-_I=“ _“i 7_li-7I i_F-I-l“iIrT“_“1“_l:“_-,_ ;:- :;_,_ ! -
36、fiI1. IIiIII! _ii _I,-IIII_IllIiIIIIIIII, _ ,_ ,I-i_ _lilllIIi!/ III i.j1 i/_11IIIiI II11111IIIII IIII 1 tIIIItIIIlli.lJII_!I ,.l,.Cll,.L_L.,_;:i_,_;_,i.lIII IIIiI1II IIt.|I IIIIIIII IILIi_III. I,.uI,i_l.lI. _ I,i,iii -hltiLI.JiI -,.I-F-I1IIi,II I. I_,i _ifl.i “=_iT_rIII III I11IIIIII IIII7II IIItII
37、II ItIII_IIII._?F_?i!It I iIIt11, w._.“.o I.ore=:-m;.:“_m=o=mo I _MlJ4 _Cr_rON_YbTKMS (a). ProfileMeasurements(c). Tooth Alignment(Lead)Measurements VERZDEX(t:m)Version0.56 index Variation Left0.00020in/divRight Tooth Pitch Index0.00400.00200.00,00200.0040IndexPitch Tooth ValVatIII,IVarVat 134.5;_2
38、51 22,937.4“l4 72.Z2 3-0.636.7_.,.g 85.I3 4-3.832.9ci17 o7.2-4 S-5.827.1it_4 07.05 6-G.720.4_)30 :,6.36 ,35.24 97;-T.4“3,0 8-6.16.9,:37.4“2.|8 9-3.83.1.:36.4-i.O9 i0-i,l2.0*i-_32.4-4.0_0 111.93.9_-i26.-%-6.|II 12_e.78.5:19.1-7.i12 13g.6IS.1;I12.0-?.2*13 147.3“2_.5:I6.0-6.01_, 156.829.2Vi2.8-3.21._ 1
39、5.4.54.7, ,_2.0“-0.81Figure14. Measurementson I._!:I.ITestGearwithRunout Maximum PitchVariation= -0.00074in.MaximumPitchVariat:ion= 0.00072i_. Total Index Variation= 0.00354in.TotalIndex Veriation= 0.0035+in (b). Index and Pitch Measurements Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 11:11:16 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-
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