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1、AC 91-008 SRVSOP 1 ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC : 91-008 DATE : 12/10/09 REVISION : 1 ISSUED BY : SRVSOP SUBJECT: AIRCRAFT AND OPERATORS APPROVAL FOR RNP APPROACH (RNP APCH) OPERATIONS 1. PURPOSE This advisory circular (AC) establishes RNP APCH approval requirements (lateral navigation only) for aircraft an
2、d operators. The requirements for barometric vertical navigation (baro-VNAV) of a RNP APCH approach are detailed on CA 91-010 (APV/baro-VNAV). Criteria of this AC together with criteria of AC 91- 010 establish the requirements for RNP APCH with baro-VNAV operations. An operator may use other means o
3、f compliance, provided they are acceptable for the civil aviation administration (CAA). Use of the future tense of the verb or use of the term “must” applies to an operator that chooses to meet the criteria established in this AC. 2. SECTIONS RELATED TO THE LATIN AMERICAN AERONAUTICAL REGULATIONS (L
4、ARs) OR EQUIVALENT LAR 91: Sections 91.1015 and 91.1640 or equivalents LAR 121: Section 121.995 (b) or equivalent LAR 135: Section 135.565 (c) or equivalent 3. RELATED DOCUMENTS Annex 6 Aircraft operations Annex 10 Aeronautical telecommunications Volume I: Radio navigation aids Doc 9613 Performance-
5、based navigation manual (PBN) Doc 8168 Aircraft operations Volume I: Flight procedures Volume II: Construction of visual and instrument flight procedures AMC 20-27 Airworthiness approval and operational criteria for RNP APPROACH (RNP APCH) operations including APV BARO-VNAV operations FAA AC 90-105
6、Approval guidance for RNP operations and barometric vertical navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System 4. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 4.1 Definitions a) Primary field of view.- For the purposes of this AC, the primary field of view is within 15 degrees of SRVSOP AC 91-008 2 the primary line
7、of sight of the pilot. b) Navigation specifications.- A set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to support performance based navigation operations within a defined airspace. There are two kinds of navigation specifications: Required navigation performance (RNP) specification.- A navigati
8、on specification based on area navigation that includes the requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNP, e.g., RNP 4, RNP APCH, RNP AR APCH. Area navigation (RNAV) specification.- A navigation specification based on area navigation that does not include
9、 the requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNAV, e.g., RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1. Note 1.- The Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual (Doc 9613), Volume II, contains detailed guidance on navigation specifications. Note 2.- The term RNP as previously d
10、efined as “a statement of the navigation performance, necessary for operation within a defined airspace”, has been removed from the Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation as the concept of RNP has been overtaken by the concept of PBN. The term RNP in such Annexes is now solely use
11、d in context of navigation specifications that require performance monitoring and alerting, e.g., RNP 4 refers to the aircraft and operating requirements, including a 4 NM lateral performance with on board performance monitoring and alerting that are detailed in the PBN Manual (Doc 9613). c) Perform
12、ance based navigation (PBN).- Performance based navigation specifies system performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure, or in a designated airspace. Performance requirements are defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity, availabi
13、lity, and functionality needed for the proposed operation in the context of a particular airspace concept. d) Area navigation (RNAV).- A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space-based navigation aids or within the limits
14、of the capabilities of self-contained navigation aids, or a combination of these. Note.- Area navigation includes performance based navigation as well as other RNAV operations that do not meet the definition of performance based navigation. e) RNP operations.- Aircraft operations using a RNP system
15、for RNP applications. f) Waypoint (WPT).- A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation. Waypoints are identified as either: Fly-by waypoint.- A waypoint that requires turn anticipation to allow tangential interc
16、eption of the next segment of a route or procedure. Flyover waypoint.- A waypoint at which a turn is initiated in order to join the next segment of a route or procedure. g) Initial approach fix (IAF).- Fix that marks the beginning of the initial segment and the end of the arrival segment, if applica
17、ble. In RNAV application, this fix is normally defined as a “fly-by fix”. h) Flight management system (FMS).- An integrated system, consisting of an airborne sensor, receiver and computer with both navigation and aircraft performance databases, which provides performance and RNAV guidance to a displ
18、ay and automatic flight control system. i) Global positioning system (GPS).- The U.S. global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a satellite based radio navigation system that uses precise distance measurements to determine the position, velocity and time anywhere in the world. The GPS is composed
19、 of space, control and user elements. The space element consists of at least 24 satellites in 6 orbiting planes. The control element consists of 5 monitoring stations, 3 ground antennas, and one main control station. The user element consists of antennas and receivers that provide the user with posi
20、tion, speed, and precise time information. AC 91-008 SRVSOP 3 j) Global navigation satellite system (GNSS).- Generic term used by ICAO to define any worldwide position, velocity and time determination system, which consists of one or more main satellite constellations, such as the GPS and the global
21、 navigation satellite system (GLONASS), aircraft receivers, and several integrity monitoring systems, including aircraft-based augmentation systems (ABAS), satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), such as the wide area augmentation system (WAAS) and ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS), such
22、 as the local area augmentation system (LAAS). Distance information will be provided, at least in the immediate future, by GPS and GLONASS. k) RNP system.- An area navigation system which supports on-board performance monitoring and alerting. l) RNP value.- The RNP value designates the lateral perfo
23、rmance requirement associated with a procedure. Examples of RNP values are: RNP 0.3 and RNP 0.15. m) Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM).- Technique used in a GPS receiver/processor to determine the integrity of its navigation signals, using only GPS signals or GPS signals augmented with
24、 barometric altitude data. This determination is achieved by a consistency check among redundant pseudo-range measurements. At least one additionally satellite to those required must be available to obtain the navigation solution. 4.2 Abbreviations a) AAC Civil Aviation Administration b) ABAS Aircra
25、ft-based augmentation system c) AIP Aeronautical information publication d) AP Autopilot e) APCH Approach f) APV Approach procedure with vertical guidance g) APV/baro-VNAV Approach operations with vertical guidance/Barometric vertical navigation h) AR Authorisation required i) AIRAC Aeronautical inf
26、ormation regulation and control j) AC Advisory circular (FAA) k) AFM Aircraft flight manual l) AMC Acceptable means of compliance m) ANSP Air navigation service provider n) ATC Air traffic control o) ATS Air traffic service p) baro-VNAV Barometric vertical navigation q) CA Advisory circular (SRVSOP)
27、 r) CDI Course deviation indicator s) CDU Control display unit t) DME Distance measuring equipment u) DME/DME Distance measuring equipment/distance measuring equipment v) DME/DME/IRU Distance measuring equipment/distance measuring equipment/inertial SRVSOP AC 91-008 4 reference unit w) DTK Desired t
28、rack x) EASA European Aviation Safety Agency y) EHSI Enhanced horizontal situation indicator z) ETA Estimated time of arrival aa) FAA United States Federal Aviation Administration bb) FAF Final approach fix cc) FD Flight director dd) FDE Fault detection and exclusion ee) FMS Flight management system
29、 ff) Fly-by WPT Fly-by waypoint gg) Flyover WPT Flyover waypoint hh) FSD Maximum deflection ii) FTE Flight technical error jj) GBAS Ground-based augmentation system kk) GNSS Global navigation satellite system ll) GLONAS Global navigation satellite system mm) GPS Global positioning system nn) IAF Ini
30、tial approach fix oo) IAP Instrument approach procedure pp) IFR Instrument flight rules qq) IRU Inertial reference unit rr) LAAS Local area augmentation system ss) LAR Latin American Aeronautical Regulations tt) LNAV Lateral navigation uu) LOA Letter of authorisation/letter of acceptance vv) LP Loca
31、lizer performance ww) LPV Localizer performance with vertical guidance xx) MAPt Missed approach point yy) MEL Minimum equipment list zz) NAVAIDS Navigation aids aaa) 2D navigation 2D area navigation that only uses the capabilities on the horizontal plane bbb) NDB Non-directional beacon ccc) NPA Non-
32、precision approach ddd) NSE Navigation system error eee) NOTAM Notice to airmen AC 91-008 SRVSOP 5 fff) OACI International Civil Aviation Organization ggg) OCA/H Obstacle clearance altitude/height hhh) OEM Original equipment manufacturer iii) OM Operations manual jjj) OpSpecs Operational specificati
33、ons kkk) PANS-OPS Procedures for air navigation services Aircraft operations lll) PBN Performance-based navigation mmm) PDE Path definition error nnn) PF Pilot flying the aircraft ooo) PFD Primary flight display ppp) POH Pilot operations handbook qqq) PM Pilot monitoring the aircraft rrr) PNF Pilot
34、not flying the aircraft sss) RAIM Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring ttt) RF Constant radius arc to a fix uuu) RNAV Area navigation vvv) RNAV(GNSS) GNSS (GPS)-based RNP APCH approaches www) RNP Required navigation performance xxx) RNP APCH Required navigation performance approach yyy) RNP AR A
35、PCH Required navigation performance authorization required approach zzz) SBAS Satellite-based augmentation system aaaa) SL Service letters bbbb) SOP Standard operating procedures cccc) SRVSOP Regional Safety Oversight Cooperation System dddd) STC Supplemental type certificate eeee) TCDS Type certifi
36、cate data sheet ffff) TSE Total system error gggg) TSO Technical standard order hhhh) VMC Visual flight meteorological conditions iiii) VNAV Vertical navigation jjjj) VOR VHF omnidirectional radio range kkkk) VPA Vertical path angle llll) WAAS Wide area augmentation system mmmm) WGS World geodetic s
37、ystem nnnn) WPT Waypoint oooo) XTK Cross-track SRVSOP AC 91-008 6 5. INTRODUCTION 5.1 According to Doc 9613 of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - Performance- based navigation manual (PBN), there are two types of navigation specifications for approach operations: RNP approach (RN
38、P APCH) and RNP authorisation required approach (RNP AR APCH). 5.2 This AC establishes only the requirements for lateral navigation (2D navigation) of RNP APCH approaches designed with straight segments. This navigation specification includes present RNAV(GNSS) or GNSS approaches. 5.3 The requiremen
39、ts for approaches with curved segments or published arcs, also known as segments with constant radius arc to a fix (RF segments), are specified in AC 91-009 of the Regional Safety Oversight Cooperation System (SRVSOP) Aircraft and operators approval for RNP authorization required approach operations
40、 (RNP AR APCH). 5.4 The criteria for barometric vertical navigation (baro-VNAV) of a RNP APCH approach, are described in SRVSOP AC 91-010 Aircraft and operators approval for approach operations with vertical guidance/barometric vertical navigation (APV/baro-VNAV). 5.5 According to Annex 6 to the Con
41、vention on International Civil Aviation (also known as Chicago Convention), when RNP APCH approaches do not include barometric vertical guidance, they are classified as non-precision approach (NPA) operations. On the other hand, when RNP APCH operations include barometric vertical guidance, they are
42、 classified as approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV). 5.6 Baro-VNAV systems are optional capabilities that do not constitute a minimum requirement for flying RNAV(GNSS) or GNSS approaches using the LNAV line of minima. 5.7 Operations with localizer performance (LP) and localizer performan
43、ce with vertical guidance (LPV) are not covered by this AC and will be the subject of another SRVSOP AC. 5.8 This document also provides general considerations on the approval of stand-alone and multi- sensor aircraft systems, including their functional requirements, accuracy, integrity, continuity
44、of function, and limitations, together with operational considerations. 5.9 Stand-alone and multi-sensor RNP systems that use GNSS (GPS) and that comply with AMC 20-27 of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and with the advisory circulars (AC) of the United States Federal Aviation Administrat
45、ion (FAA): AC 90-105, AC 20-138A, AC 20-130A or TSO C 115b/ETSO C 115b, meet the ICAO RNP APCH navigation specification. Note.- The multi-sensor systems may use other sensors combinations, such as distance measuring equipment/distance measuring equipment (DME/DME) or distance measuring equipment/dis
46、tance measuring equipment/inertial reference unit (DME/DME/IRU), that provide the navigation performance acceptable for RNP APCH operations; however, such cases are limited due to the increased complexity in the navigation aid (NAVAID) infrastructure requirements and assessment, and are not practica
47、l or cost effective for widespread application. 5.10 The material described in this AC has been developed based on the following document: ? ICAO Doc 9613, Volume II, Part C, Chapter 5 Implementing RNP APCH. 5.11 Where possible, this AC has been harmonised with the following guidance documents: ? EA
48、SA AMC 20-27 - Airworthiness approval and operational criteria for RNP APPROACH (RNP APCH) operations including APV BARO-VNAV operations; and ? FAA AC 90-105 - Approval guidance for RNP operations and barometric vertical navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System. Note.- Notwithstanding harmoni
49、sation efforts, operators shall note the differences between this AC and the aforementioned documents when requesting an authorisation from the corresponding Administrations. 6. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AC 91-008 SRVSOP 7 6.1 Navaid infrastructure a) The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is the primary navigation system to support RNP APCH procedures. b) For baro-VNAV RNP APCH operations, the procedure design is based upon the use of a barometric altimetry by an airborne RNP system whose capabilities support the required operatio
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