AIAA-R-091-2003.pdf
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1、AIAA R-091-2003 Calibration and Use of Internal Strain- Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11
2、MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Recommended Practice Calibration and Use of Internal Strain- Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Abstract This document provides
3、 a recommended method for calibration of internal strain-gage balances used in wind tunnel testing. The practices include terminology, axis system definition, balance calibration methods, matrix, and documentation. Use of this document will facilitate the exchange of information among users, supplie
4、rs, and other interested parties. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AI
5、AA R-091-2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Recommended practice : calibration and use of internal strain gage balances with application to wind tunnel testing i sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. cm. “R-091-2003.“ Includes bibliographical refere
6、nces and index. ISBN 1-56347-645-2 (Hardcopy) - ISBN 1-56347-646-0 (Electronic) 1 . Wind tunnels-Standards. 2. Strain gages-Calibration-Standards. I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. TL567.W5R43 2003 629.13452-dc21 200301 4347 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast
7、ronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright O 2003 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights resewed. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the
8、publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ii Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
9、nse from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Contents Foreword v Dedication vi 1 1 . 1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5 Introduction 1 Scope 1 Purpose . 1 Cautions and Limitations . 1 Concepts . 2 Forces and Moments 2 Balance Axis System and Moment Reference
10、Center 3 Balance Types . 4 Designated Balance Load Capacity . 6 Calibration 7 Calibration Process . 7 Matrix Determination . 16 Load Calculation Method 18 Transfer of the Calibration Result to the Test Environment 21 Emerging Technologies 22 Three-Component Balance Example . 25 Calibration Documenta
11、tion . 40 Matrix File 40 Calibration Report . 45 Calibration Load Envelope 48 Residual Load Error 51 Calibration Statistics 52 Facility Uncertainty 56 Sample Calibration Report 57 Concluding Remarks . 61 . Annex A: Glossary 62 Annex B: References 64 Tables Table 1 . Component Load and Bridge Output
12、Order and Terminology . 4 Table 2 . Bridge Output for Force, Moment, and Direct-Read Balances . 6 Table 3 . Measured Bridge Outputs for the Determination of the Zero Load Outputs 26 Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Empl
13、oyees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Table 4 . Calibration Loads and Bridge Outputs 26 Table 6 . Linear Matrix 29 Table 7 . Modified Bridge Outputs for Tare Load Calculation 3
14、0 Table 8 . Iteration 1 Tare Loads and Changes . 30 Table 9 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for Iteration 1 Tare Loads . 31 Table 1 O . Iteration 1 Interim Matrix 32 Table 11 . Iteration 2 Tare Loads and Changes . 33 Table 12 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for Iteration 2 Tare Loads . 33 Table 13 . Itera
15、tion 2 Interim Matrix 35 35 Table 15 . Calibration Loads adjusted for Iteration 3 Tare Loads 36 Table 16 . Iteration 3 Interim Matrix 37 Table 17 . Iteration 4 Tare Loads and Changes . 38 Table 18 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for the Final Tare Loads 38 Table 19 . Final Calibration Matrix 40 Table 2
16、0 . Contents of the Calibration Matrix File 41 Table 21 . Sample Calibration Matrix File . 42 45 Table 23 . Balance Details for a Calibration Report . 46 Table 24 . Calibration Details for a Calibration Report . 47 Table 25 . Data Reduction Description for a Calibration Report 48 Table 26 . Back-cal
17、culated Data and Residuals 51 Table 27 . Calibration Statistical Data . 53 Table 14 . Iteration 3 Tare Loads and Changes Table 22 . General Information for a Calibration Report . . Figures Figure 1 . Balance Axis System, Forces, and Moments 3 Figure 2 . Matrix Determination Process 17 Figure 3 . Sam
18、ple Load Calculation 20 Figure 4 . Applied Loading as Function of Database Point Number . 50 Figure 5 . Normalized Calibration Loading in Two-component Load Envelope Format . 50 Figure 6 . Load Envelope Sample for a Three Component Force Balance 50 Figure 7 . Residual Load Error and Applied Loading
19、as Function of Load Point Number 54 Figure 8 . Normalized Residual Load Error and Normalized Applied Loading as Function of Load Point Number 55 Figure 9 . Histogram of Normalized Residual Load Error with Theoretical Normal Distribution Superimposed 56 iv Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics
20、and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Foreword Internal balances are the mainstay instrument used in n
21、early every wind tunnel test to measure the aerodynamic loads on the test article. For the most part, each facility designs, fabricates, calibrates, and utilizes internal balances in near seclusion. However, with decreasing budgets and customers using multiple facilities, the time had arrived for co
22、llaboration on the design, use, calibration, and uncertainty estimation for internal strain-gage balances to begin. The concept of forming a working group for internal balances originated from discussions among individuals from the Arnold Engineering Development Center, the National Aeronautics and
23、Space Administration facility at Langley Research Center, and the Boeing Commercial Airplane Group. The discussions also revealed that there was considerable skepticism concerning the willingness to share information and the ability to reach consensus among the individuals working in the area of int
24、ernal balances. However, despite the skepticism, it was decided that the working group concept should go forward with the purpose of sharing information and developing recommended practices. The Ground Testing Technical Committee (GTTC) of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA
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