ASQ-14042-2000.pdf
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1、ANSI/ISO 14042-2000 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY P.O. BOX 3005 MILWAUKEE, WI 53201-3005 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/11111111
2、64 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 20:03:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14042-2000 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment Approved as an American National Standard by: NSF International
3、(NSF) American Society for Testing identification of the impact categories, related category indicators and characterization models, category endpoints and the associated LCI results that the LCA study will address. For example, the climate change impact category represents emissions of greenhouse g
4、ases (LCI results) using infrared radiative forcing as the category indicator. See also Table 1. b)Assignment of LCI results (classification) to the impact categories. c)Calculation of category indicator results (characterization). The indicator results for different impact categories together repre
5、sent the LCIA profile for the product system. Clause 5 describes in more detail the mandatory elements of LCIA mentioned above and in Figure 1, and provides specific requirements. 4.3.3There are optional elements and information as listed below which can be used depending on the goal and scope of th
6、e LCA study. a)Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (normal- ization). b)Grouping: sorting and possibly ranking of the impact categories. c)Weighting: converting and possibly aggregating indicator results across impact categories using numerical f
7、actors based on value-choices. d)Data quality analysis: better understanding the reliability of the collection of indicator results, the LCIA profile. 5Mandatory elements 5.1General For the LCIA phase, the outcome of the mandatory elements is the collection of indicator results for the different imp
8、act categories. 5.2Concept of category indicators Figure 2 illustrates the concept of category indicators based on an environmental mechanism. Every impact category has its own environmental mechanism. The acidification impact category is used in Figure 2 as an example. Characterization models refle
9、ct the environmental mechanism by describing the relationship between the LCI results, category indicators and in some cases category endpoint(s). The characterization model is used to derive the characterization factors. For each impact category, the necessary components include ?identification of
10、the category endpoint(s), ?definition of the category indicator for given category endpoint(s), ?identification of appropriate LCI results that can be assigned to the impact category, taking into account the chosen category indicator and identified category endpoint(s), and ?identification of the ch
11、aracterization model and the characterization factors. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 20:03:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14042-2000 5 T
12、his procedure facilitates the collection, assignment and characterization modelling of appropriate LCI results. This also helps to highlight the scientific and technical validity, assumptions, value-choices and degree of accuracy in the characterization model. Figure 2 Concept of category indicators
13、 Table 1 provides examples of terms used in this International Standard. The environmental mechanism is the total of environmental processes related to climate change. Table 1 Example of terms TermExample Impact categoryClimate change LCI resultsGreenhouse gases Characterization modelIPCCamodel Cate
14、gory indicatorInfrared radiative forcing (W/m2) Characterization factorGlobal warming potential for each greenhouse gas (kg CO2-equivalents/kg gas) Indicator resultkg of CO2-equivalents Category endpointsCoral reefs, forest, crops Environmental referenceDegree of linkage between category indicator a
15、nd category endpoint NOTEFurther examples are provided in ISO/TR 14047 1. a Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5.3Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models 5.3.1This subclause provides guidance and requirements for the selection of impact categories, cat
16、egory indicators and characterization models including the criteria for environmental relevance. For most LCA studies, existing impact categories, category indicators or characterization models will be selected. Whenever impact categories, category indicators and characterization models are selected
17、 in an LCA study, the related information shall be referenced. The requirements and recommendations of this subclause apply to the Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 20:03:40 MDTNo reproduction or
18、 networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14042-2000 6 referenced information. However, in some cases existing impact categories, category indicators or characterization models are not sufficient to fulfil the defined goal and scope of the LCA study, and new ones have to be defin
19、ed. When new impact categories, category indicators or characterization models are defined, the requirements and recommendations in this subclause also apply. The category indicator can be chosen anywhere along the environmental mechanism between the LCI results and the category endpoint(s) (see Fig
20、ure 2). 5.3.2The following requirements apply for the selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models: a)the selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be consistent with the goal and scope of the LCA study; b)the sources for
21、 impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be referenced; c)the selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be justified; d)accurate and descriptive names shall be provided for the impact categories and category indicators; e)t
22、he selection of impact categories shall reflect a comprehensive set of environmental issues related to the product system being studied, taking the goal and scope into consideration; f)the environmental mechanism and characterization model which relate the LCI results to the category indicator and p
23、rovide a basis for characterization factors shall be described; g)the appropriateness of the characterization model used for deriving the category indicator in the context of the goal and scope of the study shall be described. 5.3.3In addition, the following recommendations apply for the selection o
24、f impact categories, category indicators and characterization models: a)the impact categories, category indicators and characterization models should be internationally accepted, i.e. based on an international agreement or approved by a competent international body; b)the impact categories should re
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- ASQ 14042 2000
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