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1、AS 1816.12007 Australian Standard Metallic materialsBrinell hardness test Method 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:2005, MOD) PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee MT-006, Mechanical Testing of Metals to supersede AS 1816.12002, Metallic materialsBrinell hardness test, Met
2、hod 1: Test method. This Standard is an adoption with national modifications and is reproduced from ISO 6506-1:2005, Metallic materialsBrinell hardness test, Part 1: Test method. Variations to the ISO text for Australia are set out in Appendix ZZ. Changes to the ISO text are indicated by a marginal
3、bar. This Standard modifies ISO 6506-1 to conform with established Australian practices for hardness testing. This Standard is one of a series of Standards covering the range of hardness testing methods. The series comprises of the follow: AS 1815 Metallic materialsRockwell hardness test 1815.1 Meth
4、od 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) 1815.2 Method 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) 1815.3 Method 3: Calibration of reference blocks (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) (ISO 6508-3:2005, MOD) 1816 Metallic materia
5、lsBrinell hardness test 1816.1 Method 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:2005, MOD) (this Standard) 1816.2 Method 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines 1816.3 Method 3: Calibration of reference blocks 1816.4 Method 4: Table of hardness values 1817 Metallic materialsVickers hardness test 1817.1
6、 Method 1: Test methods (ISO 6507-1:1994, MOD) 1817.2 Method 2: Verification of testing machines 1817.3 Method 3: Calibration of reference blocks 5016 Metallic materialsConversion of hardness values As this Standard is reproduced from an international standard, the following applies: (a) Its number
7、appears on the cover and title page while the international standard number appears only on the cover. (b) In the source text this part of ISO 6506 should read this Australian Standard. (c) A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker. AS 1816.12007 i i Accessed by UNIVERS
8、ITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 References to International Standards should be replaced by references to Australian or Australian/New Zealand Standards, as follows: Reference to International Standard Australian Standard ISO AS 4498 Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetalsDetermination
9、of apparent hardness 4498-1 Part 1: Materials of essentially uniform section hardness 6506 Metallic materialsBrinell hardness test 1816 Metallic materialsBrinell hardness test 6506-2 Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines 1816.2 Method 2: Verification and calibration of testing mac
10、hines 6506-4 Part 4: Table of hardness values 1816.4 Method 4: Table of hardness values The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the application of the annex or appendix to which they apply. A normative annex or appendix is an integral part of a standard, where a
11、n informative annex or appendix is only for information and guidance. ii ii Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 1 Scope This part of ISO 6506 specifies the method for the Brinell hardness test for metallic materials and is applicable up to the limit of 650 HBW. For specific mate
12、rials and/or products, particular International Standards exist (i.e. ISO 4498-1). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
13、 referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4498-1, Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals Determination of apparent hardness Part 1: Materials of essentially uniform section hardness ISO 6506-2:2005, Metallic materials Brinell hardness test Part 2: Verification and calibrat
14、ion of testing machines ISO 6506-4, Metallic materials Brinell hardness test Part 4: Table of hardness values 3 Principle An indenter (hardmetal ball with diameter D) is forced into the surface of a test piece and, after removal of the force F, the diameter of the indentation d left in the surface i
15、s measured. The Brinell hardness is proportional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the curved surface area of the indentation. The indentation is assumed to retain the shape of the ball, and its surface area is calculated from the mean indentation diameter and the ball diameter.
16、 1 1 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 www.standards.org.au Standards Australia 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 See Figure 1 and Table 1. Table 1 Symbols and abbreviated terms Symbol / Abbreviated term Designation Unit D F d d1, d2 h HBW 0,102?F/D2 Diameter of the ball Tes
17、t force Mean diameter of the indentation 12 2 dd d ? ? Indentation diameters measured at 90 Depth of indentation 22 (11) 2 D hdD? Brinell hardness Test force Constant Surface area of indentation ? 222) 2 HBW0,102 (11/ F DdD? ? ? force-diameter ratio mm N mm mm mm N/mm2 NOTE 1 Constant0,102 9,806 65
18、?, where 9,806 65 is the conversion factor from kgf to N. 4.2 The following is an example of the designation of Brinell hardness, HBW. EXAMPLE NOTE In former standards, in cases when a steel ball had been used, the Brinell hardness was denoted by HB or HBS. 2 2 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRA
19、LIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au For symbols, see Table 1. Figure 1 Principle of test 5 Apparatus 5.1 Testing machine, capable of applying a predetermined test force or forces within the range of 9,807 N to 29,42 kN, in accordance with ISO 6506-2. 5.2 Indenter, a polished h
20、ardmetal ball, as specified in ISO 6506-2. 5.3 Measuring device, as specified in ISO 6506-2. NOTE A suggested procedure for periodic checks by the user is given in Annex A. 6 Test piece 6.1 The test shall be carried out on a surface which is smooth and even, free from oxide scale, foreign matter and
21、, in particular, free from lubricants. The test piece shall have a surface finish that will allow an accurate measurement of the diameter of the indentation. 6.2 Preparation shall be carried out in such a way that any alteration of the surface, for example, due to excessive heating or cold-working,
22、is minimized. 6.3 The thickness of the test piece shall be at least eight times the depth of indentation. Values for the minimum thickness of the test piece in relation to the mean diameter of indentation are given in Annex B. Visible deformation at the back of the test piece can indicate that the t
23、est piece is too thin. 3 3 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au 7 Procedure 7.1 In general, the test is to be carried out at ambient temperature within the limits of 10 C to 35 C. Tests carried out under controlled conditions shall be made
24、at a temperature of (23 ? 5) C. 7.2 The test forces given in Table 2 shall be used. NOTE Other test forces and force-diameter ratios may be used by special agreement. 7.3 The test force shall be chosen so that the diameter of the indentation d lies between the values 0,24 D and 0,6 D. Table 3 indica
25、tes recommended force-diameter ratios (0,102 ? F/D2) that are appropriate for use when testing certain materials and hardness levels. In order to test the largest representative area of the test piece, the diameter of the testing ball shall be chosen to be as large as possible. When the thickness of
26、 the test piece permits, a 10 mm diameter ball is preferred. 7.4 The test piece shall be placed on a rigid support. The contact surfaces shall be clean and free from foreign matter (scale, oil, dirt, etc). It is important that the test piece lies firmly on the support so that displacement cannot occ
27、ur during the test. 7.5 Bring the indenter into contact with the test surface and apply the test force in a direction perpendicular to the surface, without shock, vibration or overrun, until the applied force attains the specified value. The time from the initial application of force to the time the
28、 full test force is reached shall not be less than 2 s nor greater than 8 s. Maintain the test force for 10 s to 15 s. For certain materials, where a longer duration of the test force is required; this time shall be applied with a tolerance of ? 2 s. 7.6 Throughout the test, the testing machine shal
29、l be protected from significant shock or vibration, which can influence the test result. 7.7 The distance of the edge of the test piece to the centre of each indentation shall be a minimum of two and a half times the mean indentation diameter. The distance between the centres of two adjacent indenta
30、tions shall be at least three times the mean indentation diameter. 7.8 Measure the diameter of each indentation in two directions perpendicular to each other. The arithmetic mean of the two readings shall be taken for the calculation of the Brinell hardness. NOTE For automatic measuring systems, the
31、 following may be used: ? the average of a greater number of equally spaced measurements; ?an assessment of the projected indentation area into the material surface. 7.9 ISO 6506-4 contains a calculation table, which shall be used to determine the Brinell hardness for tests on flat surfaces. 4 4 Acc
32、essed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au Table 2 Test forces for the different testing conditions Hardness symbol Ball diameter D mm Force-diameter ratio 0,102 ? F/D2 N/mm2 Nominal value of test force F HBW 10/3 000 10 30 29,42 kN HBW 10/1 500 10
33、15 14,71 kN HBW 10/1 000 10 10 9,807 kN HBW 10/500 10 5 4,903 kN HBW 10/250 10 2,5 2,452 kN HBW 10/100 10 1 980,7 N HBW 5/750 5 30 7,355 kN HBW 5/250 5 10 2,452 kN HBW 5/125 5 5 1,226 kN HBW 5/62,5 5 2,5 612,9 N HBW 5/25 5 1 245,2 N HBW 2,5/187,5 2,5 30 1,839 kN HBW 2,5/62,5 2,5 10 612,9 N HBW 2,5/3
34、1,25 2,5 5 306,5 N HBW 2,5/15,625 2,5 2,5 153,2 N HBW 2,5/6,25 2,5 1 61,29 N HBW 1/30 1 30 294,2 N HBW 1/10 1 10 98,07 N HBW 1/5 1 5 49,03 N HBW 1/2,5 1 2,5 24,52 N HBW 1/1 1 1 9,807 N Table 3 Ratio 0,102 ? F/D2 for different metallic materials Material Brinell hardness HBW Force-diameter ratio 0,10
35、2 ? F/D2 N/mm2 Steel, nickel alloys, titanium alloys 30 Cast iron a? 140 W 140 10 30 ? 35 5 35 to 200 10 Copper and copper alloys ? 200 30 ? 35 2,5 35 to 80 5 10 15 Light metals and their alloys ? 80 10 15 Lead, tin 1 Sintered metal According to ISO 4498-1 a For the testing of cast iron, the nominal
36、 diameter of the ball shall be 2,5 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm. 5 5 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au 8 Uncertainty of the results A complete evaluation of the uncertainty should be done according to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in m
37、easurement (GUM) 1. Independent of the type of sources, for hardness, there are two possibilities for the determination of the uncertainty. ? One possibility is based on the evaluation of all relevant sources appearing during a direct calibration. As a reference, an EA guideline 2 is available. ? Th
38、e other possibility is based on indirect calibration using a hardness-reference block, abbreviated below as CRM (certified reference material) (see References 2 to 5). A guideline for the determination is given in Annex C. It may not always be possible to quantify all the identified contributions to
39、 the uncertainty. In this case, an estimate of type A standard uncertainty may be obtained from the statistical analysis of repeated indentations into the test piece. Care should be taken, if standard uncertainties of type A and B are summarized, that the contributions are not counted twice (see Cla
40、use 4 of GUM:1993 1). 9 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) a reference to this part of ISO 6506; b) all details necessary for the complete identification of the test piece; c) the test temperature, if it is not within the limits 10 C to 35 C; d) the result obtain
41、ed; e) additional requirements outside the scope of this part of ISO 6506; f) details of any occurrence which may have affected the result. There is no general process of accurately converting Brinell hardness into other scales of hardness or into tensile strength. These conversions should therefore
42、 be avoided, unless a reliable basis for the conversion can be obtained by comparative tests. NOTE It should be noted that for anisotropic materials, for example, those which have been heavily cold-worked, there may be a difference between the lengths of the two diameters of the indentation. The spe
43、cification for the product may indicate limits for such differences. 6 6 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au Annex A (informative) Procedure for periodic checking of the testing machine by the user A check of the machine should be carried
44、out on each day that the machine is used, at approximately each hardness level, and for each range or scale that is to be used. Prior to making the check, the measuring device should be indirectly verified (for each range/scale and hardness level) using a reference indentation on a hardness-referenc
45、e block, calibrated in accordance with ISO 6506-3. The measured dimension should agree with the certified value to within 0,5 %. If the measuring device fails this test, appropriate action should be taken. The check involves at least one indentation being made on a hardness-reference block, calibrat
46、ed in accordance with ISO 6506-3. If the difference between the mean measured hardness and the blocks certified value is within the permissible error limits given in Table 2 of ISO 6506-2:2005, the machine may be regarded as satisfactory. If not, an indirect verification should be performed. A recor
47、d of these results should be maintained over a period of time, and used to measure reproducibility and monitor drift of the machine. 7 7 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au Annex B (normative) Minimum thickness of the test piece in relatio
48、n to the mean diameter of indentation Table B.1 Dimensions in millimetres Minimum thickness of the test piece Mean diameter of the indentation d D = 1 D = 2,5 D = 5 D = 10 0,2 0,08 0,3 0,18 0,4 0,33 0,5 0,54 0,6 0,80 0,29 0,7 0,40 0,8 0,53 0,9 0,67 1,0 0,83 1,1 1,02 1,2 1,23 0,58 1,3 1,46 0,69 1,4 1
49、,72 0,80 1,5 2,00 0,92 1,6 1,05 1,7 1,19 1,8 1,34 1,9 1,50 2,0 1,67 2,2 2,04 2,4 2,46 1,17 2,6 2,92 1,38 2,8 3,43 1,60 3,0 4,00 1,84 3,2 2,10 3,4 2,38 3,6 2,68 3,8 3,00 4,0 3,34 4,2 3,70 4,4 4,08 4,6 4,48 4,8 4,91 5,0 5,36 5,2 5,83 5,4 6,33 5,6 6,86 5,8 7,42 6,0 8,00 8 8 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 15 Aug 2007 Standards Australiawww.standards.org.au Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of the measured hardness values C.1 General require
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