AWWA-M21-2003.pdf
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1、ter Works Association Advocacy Communications Conferences Education and Training .Science and Technology Sections The Authoritative Resource for Safe Drinking WaterSM Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bern
2、ie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES-M21, Third Edition Groundwater Copyright O 1973, 1989, 2003 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro
3、duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Project Manager: Mindy Burke Co
4、py Editor: Mart Kelle Production Editor: Carol Stearns Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 ISBN 1-58321-188-8 Printed on recycled paper Copyrigh
5、t American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Groundwater AWWA MANUAL M21 Third Edition American Water Works
6、 As soc ia t io n Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also pro
7、vides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
8、e from IHS -,-,- Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Foreword, xi Chapter 1 The Occurrence and Behavior of Groundwater . . . . . Hydrologic Cycle, 1 Groundwater Terms, 5 Groundwater Concepts, 6 Land Subsidence, 11 Chapter 2 Evaluation of Regional Groundwater Conditions. . . . . Identifica
9、tion of Suitable Groundwater Supplies, 14 Field Methods for Locating Suitable Groundwater Supplies, 16 Methods for Monitoring Groundwater Quality, 25 Field Logistics and Documentation, 27 References, 30 Chapter3 GroundwaterManagementandProtection . . . . . . . Local Management Strategies, 34 Regiona
10、l Groundwater Management, 36 Protection and Management of Groundwater Quality, 37 References, 39 Chapter 4 Wells-Types, Construction, and Use. . . . . . . . . . Types of Wells and Their Construction, 41 Common Well Components, 51 Well Design Procedure, 59 Sanitary Protection, 60 References, 61 Chapt
11、er 5 Quantitative Evaluation of Wells . . . . . . . . . . . Aquifer Parameters, 63 Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient, 77 Collection of Test Data, 78 Analysis, 78 Well-Field Design, 87 Well Losses, 89 Radial-Well Yield, 90 Modeling Techniques, 91 References, 96 Bibliography, 96 Chapter 6 Well Pu
12、mps and Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions, 99 Pump Classifications, 101 Operating Conditions, 116 Pump Selection, 117 Electric Motor Selection, 120 .1 13 33 41 63 99 . 111 Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/11111110
13、01, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Pump Installation, 120 Chapter 7 Operations Problems, Well Plugging and Methods of Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Evaluating Well Performance, 123 P
14、oor Well Performance, 124 Common Pump Operating Problems, 125 Physical Causes of Well Deterioration, 127 Sand Pumping, 129 Microbiological Fouling, 131 Treatment of Fouling Problems, 132 Economics of Cleaning Plugged Wells, 135 Case Studies, 138 Summary, 146 References, 147 Bibliography, 148 Chapter
15、 8 Groundwater Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Chemicals in Groundwater, 149 Groundwater Contamination, 153 Chemical Con taminan ts , 1 56 References, 164 Chapter 9 Groundwater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Aeration, 167 Oxidation, 168 Softening and Ion Exchange, 169 Filtratio
16、n, 171 Adsorption and Absorption, 173 Corrosion Control, 173 Disinfection, 174 Fluoridation, 175 References, 176 Chapter 10 Record Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Design and Construction Records, 177 Pump Data, 178 Well Acceptance and Pumping Test, 178 Monthly Pumpage, 179 Water Levels
17、, 179 Water Temperature, 179 Specific Capacity, 179 Differential, 180 Well Maintenance, 180 Well Abandonment, 180 Summary, 180 Chapter 11 Groundwater Recharge and Storage Programs . . . . . 183 Underground Protection Criteria and Standards, 183 Aquifer Storage and Recovery, 184 Aquifer Reclamation,
18、191 Artificial Aquifer Creation and Aquifer Recharge, 196 References, 198 iv Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without
19、license from IHS -,-,- Figures 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 3-1 3-2 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1 5- 1 5-3 Hydrologic cycle, 2 Evapotranspiration rates, 3 A comparison of evapotranspiration rates and rainfall in South Florida, 3 One-hour rainfall (inches) expected once
20、on average in 25 years, 4 Average annual precipitation (inches) in the United States (1961-1990), 5 Water movement below the earths surface, 8 Geologic configuration of aquifers and confining beds, 9 Development of a cone of depression, 9 Groundwater movement as it relates to topography, 10 Schlumbe
21、rger and Wenner electrode arrangements for measuring earth resistivity, 18 Application of seismic refraction method for reconnaissance mapping, 20 Single-point electrode arrangement for resistance and spontaneous potential logging, 22 Qualitative interpretation of a suite of geophysical logs, 24 Sch
22、ematic of a multiple-completion monitoring well, 27 Graphic detail of hydrogeologic cross section, 29 Predevelopment groundwater contours showing potential contamination source downgradient, 29 Predevelopment groundwater contours showing predicted effects of ill-advised development, 30 Groundwater m
23、anagement framework, 35 Contaminated groundwater management strategies, 35 Details of a radial well, 49 Two phases of gravel-wall well construction-gravel envelope method, 51 Scale of screen-opening sizes, 57 Cross-sectional comparison of well walls, 58 Theoretical cube, 64 Definition of porosity, 6
24、4 Definition of specific yield and specific retention, 66 V Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:07:35 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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