AGMA-91FTM17.pdf
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1、91FTM17 The Influenceof Lubricationon the Onset of SurfacePitting in Machinable HardnessGear Teeth by:C.E. Massey and C. R. Reeves, NAVSEASYSCOM; ,E.E. Shipley, MTI AmericanGearManufacturersAssociation TECHNICALPAPER Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license wit
2、h AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 10:46:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- The Influence of Lubrication on the Onset of Surface Pitting in Machinable Hardness Gear Teeth C.E.Massey andC. R.Reeves, NAVSEASY
3、SCOM;E. E. Shipley, MTI TheStatementsandopinionscontainedhereinarethoseoftheauthorandshouldnotbeconstruedasanofficialactionor opinionof the AmericanGearManufacturersAssociation. ABSTRACT: Tests havebeen runon machinablehardnesshelical gearstostudytheinfluenceof the changesin calculatedoil film thick
4、nessin theoperatinggearteeth on theonsetof surfacepitting. Conlroltestswererunatconstantload to develop typical pitting patternson thegearteeth within a reasonabletest timeperiod. Subsequenttests were carried out to evaluatethechangesin resistancetopittingthatoccmred whentheoil filmthicknesswasvarie
5、d.All testswereoperated with an amplecontrolledsupplyof a petroleum-based lubricant,symbol 2190 TEP, thatmet the specifications of Mff.,-L-17331. Copyright 1991 American Gear Manufacttm_ Association 1500 King Street, Suite 201 Alexandria, Virginia, 22314 October,1991 ISBN: 1-55589-605-7 Copyright Am
6、erican Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 10:46:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- THEINFLUENCEOFLUBRICATIONONTHEONSETOF SURFACEPITTINGINMACHI
7、NABLE HARDNESSGEARTEETH AUTHORS:C.E.Massey,NavalSeaSystemsCommand,Code56X44 C.R.Reeves,NavalSeaSystemsCommand,Code56X4 E.E.Shipley,MechanicalTechnologyIncorporated INTRODUCTION Theobjectiveoftheworkcov-arehigherthanthecompressivefa- eredinthispaperwastoobtaintiguelifeofthegearmaterials. insightintot
8、hebenefitsgainedin termsof K-factor(surfacestress)byGeartoothpittingisafatigue theinfluenceofLambdaratioonthephenomenonthatisbestpreventedby onsetofsurfacepittingofmachin-properdesignandselectionofmate- ablehardnesstestgearsusing2190rialsandhardnessesthatareade- TEPoil.quateforthespecifiedoperating
9、conditionsandlife.However,the Typicalpittingfailurepatternschoiceoflubricantalsoaffects weredevelopedongearsurfacesunderresistancetopittingwhichmayoccur mixedlubricationconditions(Lambdaprematurelywhenthefilmthickness rationof0.7)at350K-factortooth(stronglyaffectedbylubricantvis- loadlevel.Theseresu
10、ltswereusedcosity)issmallcomparedtothe asabaselinefailurepoint.Oncesurfacefinishofthematinggear pittingconditionswereestablished,teeth. comparativetestswererunwithhigh- erviscosityfluidstoinvestigateForthemostpart,inthinfilm thebenefitsofimprovedlubricationoperation,pitsoriginateatthe conditions(Lam
11、bdaratioof1o4).surface.Surfaceimperfectionsand Additionaltestswereruntoevaluateasperitycontactsmearsactascrack theabilityofthehigherviscositynucleationsites.Thecrackspropa- fluidstoretardthegrowthofsur-gateinwardfromthesurfaceandthen facepittingoncepittinghadbeenbranchout.Whensomebranchesturn establ
12、ishedonagivensetoftestbacktowardthesurface,asmall gears,pieceofmetalisremovedfromthe surface.Theresultisavoidarea, BACKGROUNDorpit,withroughedgesandwith smallcracksextendingoutfromsome Pitsongearteetharecausedbyofthesharpcorners. theHertzianstressesonthegear surfacesthatexceedthecapacityofTheinfluen
13、ceofthelubricant thegearmaterial.Theonsetofontheonsetofsurfacepittinghas pittingisafunctionofthecontactbeenrecognizedforalongtime. stress,thehardnessofthegear materialandthenumberofappliedEarlRyder(1)in1959presented stresscycles,informationpertainingtothepitting lifeofstandardRydertestgears Classica
14、lpittingis subsurfacethatvariedovera10:1rangewhen inorigin;i.e.,thefatiguecrackstestswererunwithaconstantgear initiatebelowthesurfaceattheloadof3300ibs.perinchofface. depthwherethesubsurfaceshearThefluidstestedwerebothpetroleum stresses,developedbytheappliedbasedandsyntheticbasedlubricants. surfacel
15、oading,arehighest.Most often,subsurfaceflawsorinclusionsA.Ishibashi,etal_inrefer- serveasnucleationsitesandtheencetopittingtestsconductedon fatiguerupturestraveltothesur-rolls,suggestedin1982thatthere facetformingthepits.ClassicalaretwokindsofS-Ncurves.Ahigh- pittingwilloccuringearelementserpittingl
16、imitandalowerpitting whenthesurfaceloadingandcycleslimit.Thehigherpittinglimitis 1 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 10:46:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permi
17、tted without license from IHS -,-,- obtainedwhenloadedrollsareoper-quateoilfilmthicknesscanpromote atedwithfullelastro-hydrodynamicgeartoothpittingandhowsufficient lubrication(theclassicaltypeofoilfilmthicknesscanpreventor sub-surfacepittingisformed).Thecontrolsurfacepittingonmachinable lowerfatigue
18、limitisobtainedhardnessgearing. undermarginallubricantfilmcondi- tionsrelativetothesurfacefinishTESTFACILITY oftherolls.Theirexperimental resultsshowedasignificantdiffer-Anexisting,four-squaretest enceinlife.loopwasadaptedandutilizedfor thesetests.Figure1 isaschematic In1984S.Tanaka,A.Ishibashiofthi
19、stestfacility,andFigures2a andS.Ezoepublishedtheirtestworkand2bshowphotographsofthefacil- onsuper-finishedgears.Theirity. resultsindicatedthatgearswith vastlyreducedsurfaceroughness,Briefly,referringtoFigurei, whichalmostassurescompleteselimi-thetestrigisdrivenbya300HP, nationofmetalsurfacecontactdu
20、r-2-speedmotor,throughavariable ingoperation,showanappreciablespeedclutch.Thespeedrange gaininsurfacedurability(resis-achievableisfrom500rpmto3500 tancetopitting),rpmonthegearshaft(1077rpmto 7539rpmonthepinionshaft)with Thesetestspointoutagainthatthepresent2.154pinion-to-gear improvedLambdaratiosper
21、mitthespeedratio. gearelementstooperateatthehigh- estfatiguelimitpossibleconsistentTorqueisappliedandlocked withthematerialhardnessvaluesandintotheloopthroughthetorque cleanlinesscharacteristicsoftheapplierwhichmovesthehelicalpin- steel,ionintheslaveboxaxiallytowards therightinFigurei.Theaxial In198
22、7,Dr.H.WinterandDr.motionoftheslaveboxpinionis PoOsteroftheTechnicalUniversityaccommodatedintheflexiblespline ofMunich,reportedtheresultsofcoupling. someoftheirwork_pertainingto theinfluenceofthelubricantsonThetestpinionissplinemount- pittingandmicro-pittingofcaseedonitsshaft.Thetestgearis carburize
23、dgearsusingtheFZGback-boltedtoitsshaftandhasarabbet to-backtestrig.fit.Theslavegearboxandthetest gearboxhavefullyseparateand W.R.Alexander,etal_8dis-independentlubeoilsystems. cussedthedevelopmentofa laborato- rygearoilspalling(pitting)testThetestgearboxhasa“lexan“ machineandtestproceduredevelopeddo
24、mecoverwhichcanbeliftedto byMaokTrucktoevaluatethepittingprovideaccesstothegearmesh capabilitiesofvarioustransmissionwithinsecondsaftershutdown(see oilsusedintheirtruckaxles.TheFigure2). testspecimenswerehardenedspiral bevelgearsandthetestsrecognizedThepinionsupportbearingsin thatvariousoilsandaddit
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