BS-3680-2B-1993 ISO-9555-2-1992.pdf
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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3680-2B: 1993 ISO 9555-2: 1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Part 2: Dilution methods Part 2B: Methods of measurement using radioactive tracers UDC 532.574.87:621.039.85 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:53:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Cop
2、y, (c) BSI BS 3680-2B:1993 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Industrial-process Measurement and Control Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 March 1993 BSI 10-1999 First published as BS 3
3、680-2C September 1987 Second edition July 1983 First published as BS 3680-2B The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PCL/3 Draft for comment 91/23583 DC ISBN 0 580 21654 3 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British S
4、tandard was entrusted by the Industrial-process Measurement and Control Standards Policy Committee (PCL/-) to Technical Committee PCL/3, upon which the following bodies were represented: Clyde River Purification Board Department of the Environment Institute of Measurement and Control Institution of
5、Water and Environmental Management National Rivers Authority Water Services Association of England and Wales Welsh Office The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Institute of Hydrology Water Research Centre Amendments issued since
6、 publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:53:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3680-2B:1993 BSI 10-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Introduction1 1Scope1 2Normative reference2 3Definition
7、s2 4Symbols and units2 5Tracers used3 6Measurement of tracers3 7Environmental factors affecting the tracer6 8Tracer injection techniques7 9Sampling techniques7 10Estimation of uncertainties9 11Special requirements10 Annex A (informative) Bibliography11 Figure 1 Determination of c1 and c2 for beta-em
8、itting tracers (tritiated water)6 Figure 2 Injection of tracer8 Figure 3 Determination of c1 and c2 for gamma-emitting tracers9 Table 1 Symbols and units not defined in clause 32 Table 2 Conversion table for becquerels and curies3 Table 3 Maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible ab
9、sorbed doses10 List of referencesInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:53:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3680-2B:1993 ii BSI 10-1999 National foreword This Part of BS 3680 has been prepared under the direction of the Industrial-process Measurem
10、ent and Control Standards Policy Committee. It is identical with ISO 9555-2:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow Part 2: Radioactive tracers, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This is one of a
11、 series of Parts of BS 3680 on dilution methods, as follows: Part 2A: General1)2); Part 2B:1993: Radioactive tracers; Part 2C: Chemical tracers1); Part 2D:1993: Fluorescent tracers. These four Parts of BS 3680 supersede BS 3680-2A:1964, BS 3680-2B:1986, and BS 3680-2C:1983 which are withdrawn. Cross
12、-references. The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO 9555-11)2), to which normative reference is made in the text, and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a c
13、ontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 12, an inside bac
14、k cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) In preparation. 2) It is envisaged that, when ISO 9555-1 is published, it will be implemented in the UK
15、as BS 3680-2A. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 03:53:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3680-2B:1993 BSI 10-19991 Introduction The former standard series ISO 555 was subdivided into parts on the basis of the method of field measurement, i.e. constant-rate injecti
16、on method and integration (sudden injection) method. Since the choice of the type of tracer to be used in a field measurement will often depend on the expertise and the laboratory facilities available, this new series of standards ISO 9555 is divided into parts based on the type of tracer used. This
17、 revision has enabled the unnecessary repetition of text of the various parts to be avoided and will, it is hoped, prove to be a more convenient form of presentation for the user. ISO 9555 deals with the measurement of steady flow in open channels by dilution methods using tracers. The methods descr
18、ibed may also be applied to the measurement of slowly varying flow, but they may only be used when flow conditions ensure adequate mixing of the injected solution throughout the flow. For the measurement of very large flows, tracer methods can be onerous in terms of tracer costs and measurement time
19、s. However, the use of tracers often reduces danger to personnel during flood periods. ISO 9555-1 presents the general principles of the methods of constantrate injection and integration (sudden injection). ISO 9555-2, ISO 9555-3 and ISO 9555-4 deal with the specific aspects of the use of radioactiv
20、e, chemical and fluorescent tracers, respectively, as well as specific analytical procedures. This approach has been adopted for the following reasons: to facilitate subsequent updating, additions or revisions which concern only ISO 9555-2, ISO 9555-3 and ISO 9555-4; to provide a more practical docu
21、ment for the user, who is often obliged to choose the tracer best suited to the available analytical equipment. In this part of ISO 9555, the following two types of tracers are used: a) Gamma-radiation emitters, which can be measured in the field; b) Beta-particle emitters, which can usually be meas
22、ured in the laboratory. Radioactive tracers have the following advantages. a) The measurement of their concentration is independent of dissolved substances and particles suspended in water. They are therefore particularly useful for the measurement of polluted water discharge. b) The concentration o
23、r gamma emitters can be determined without taking samples, by means of detectors immersed in situ, which allows continuous recording. c) Owing to their use in small volumes, radioactive tracers offer the possibility of carrying out the measurement of very large flows (several thousand cubic metres p
24、er second) as long as there is no loss of tracer. d) When tracer adsorption errors are likely to occur, such errors can be minimized by using a carrier for the tracer. The disadvantages of using radioactive tracers result from the fact that a) it may be necessary to obtain (depending on the country)
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