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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7022:1988 Guide for Geophysical logging of boreholes for hydrogeological purposes UDC 628.112:528:624.131.32:624.131.38:620.1.08:(683.71) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7
2、022:1988 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Industrial-process Measurement and Control Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 28 February 1989 BSI 06-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work
3、on this standard: Committee reference PCL/3 Draft for comment 87/23397 DC ISBN 0 580 16871 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Industrial-process Measurement and Control Standards Committee (PCL/-) to Technical Committee PC
4、L/3, upon which the following bodies were represented: Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland Department of the Environment (Welsh Office) Institute of Measurement and Control Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Water and Environmental Management (IWEM) Scottish Development Dep
5、artment Water Authorities Association The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Geological Survey North West Water Authority Northern Ireland Geological Survey Severn Trent Water Authority Southern Water Authority Thames Wat
6、er Authority University of Birmingham (Department of Geological Science) Wessex Water Authority Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1
7、988 BSI 06-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Foreword iii 1Introduction 1 2Scope 2 3Definitions 2 4Units of measurement 4 5Purpose of geophysical logging 4 5.1General 4 5.2Formation logging 5 5.3Fluid logging 8 5.4Construction logging 9 5.5Selection of logs 9 6Planning 12
8、6.1Statutory obligations 12 6.2General considerations 12 6.3Safety around wells, borehole and shafts 12 6.4Site access 13 6.5Access within a borehole 13 6.6Equipment 13 6.7Borehole details 13 6.8Logging sequence 14 7Formation logging 14 7.1General 14 7.2 Electric logs 14 7.3 Natural gamma ray logs 1
9、5 7.4 Neutron-neutron (porosity) logs 16 7.5 Gamma-gamma (density) logs 16 7.6 Sonic logs 17 8 Fluid logging 17 8.1 General 17 8.2 Temperature 17 8.3 Conductivity 17 8.4 Flow 18 9 Construction logging 19 9.1 General 19 9.2 Caliper 19 9.3 Casing collar locator 19 9.4 Cement bond 19 9.5 Closed circuit
10、 television log 20 10 Log presentation 20 10.1 General 20 10.2 Log headers 20 10.3 Track layout 21 10.4 Log parameter scales 21 10.5 Depth scales 21 10.6 Composite logs 21 10.7 Differential logs 21 Appendix A Selected bibliography 24 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Uni
11、versity, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 ii BSI 06-1999 Page Figure 1 Basic geophysical logging system 1 Figure 2 A composite suite of geophysical logs 6 Figure 3 Correlation between boreholes using natural gamma-ray logs 7 Figure 4 Example of the effect o
12、f flow mixing in a borehole 10 Figure 5 Electrically equivalent concentrations of a sodium chloride solution as a function of conductivity and temperature 18 Figure 6 Site and logging information sheets: header section 22 Figure 7 Site and logging information sheets: tail section 23 Table 1 Paramete
13、rs and units of measurement 5 Table 2 Application and limitation of geophysical logs 11 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 BSI 06-1999iii Foreword This British Standard has been prepar
14、ed under the direction of the Industrial-process Measurement and Control Standards Committee. The standard is based on a draft produced by PCL/3/-/1, Geophysical Logging of Boreholes. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standard
15、s are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 24 and a back cover. This standard has been updated
16、(see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: Lo
17、ndon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 BSI 06-19991 1 Introduction Geophysical logging of boreholes, wells and/or shafts (hereafter described as boreholes) provides a measurement of various physical and ch
18、emical properties of formations penetrated by a borehole and of its contained fluids. Sondes measuring different parameters are lowered into the borehole and the continuous change in a measured property is presented graphically as a geophysical log. Geophysical logging of boreholes is carried out to
19、 obtain information on: a) the geological formations through which the borehole is drilled; b) the presence, quantity, location and quality of fluid (usually water) within the borehole; c) the dimensions, construction and physical condition of the borehole. The logging equipment consists essentially
20、 of four units: downhole instrument probe or tool (hereafter described as a sonde); cable and winch; power and processing modules; data recording unit (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Basic geophysical logging system Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26
21、:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 2 BSI 06-1999 The various sondes contain appropriate sensors to enable specific properties to be measured. Output from the sondes is in the form of electronic signals, either analogue or digital. These signals are transmitted to the surface
22、 instruments via the cable and winch. The cable serves the dual purpose of supporting the sonde and conveying electrical power and signals to and from the sonde. To this end it has a double outer layer of high tensile steel or polyurethane/kevlar. The winch serves to raise or lower the sonde and to
23、measure its precise depth. This is achieved by passing the cable round a measuring sheave of known diameter linked to an accurate depth measuring system. The surface instrumentation typically consist of two sections to provide power and process the electronic signals from each of the sondes for reco
24、rding purposes. Data recorder units are often dedicated computers, encoding the signal data from the sonde or surface modules, formatting them and storing them on magnetic tape, and driving the plotter to produce field logs. Data recording can be either depth or time based. 2 Scope This guide descri
25、bes the factors which need to be considered and the measurements which need to be made when logging boreholes. There can, however, be no definitive “standard” logging procedure because of the great diversity of objectives, aquifers, groundwater conditions, available technology and legal contexts. Ge
26、ophysical logging of water boreholes is an evolving science, continually adapting new and different techniques. Every application poses a range of problems and is likely to require a particular set of logs to gain the maximum information. This guide therefore provides information on field practice,
27、with an indication of how variations may be made to take account of particular local conditions. It deals with the usual types of logging carried out for: water resources assessment; water supply purposes; groundwater quality studies including saline intrusion; landfill investigations and aquifer co
28、ntamination; well or borehole construction and condition; geological (formation) information. Applications not considered include mineral and hydrocarbon evaluation, and geotechnical and structural engineering investigations. NOTEInterpretation of the data collected during logging is referred to in
29、this guide only in a general way. For full details of the analysis and interpretation of geophysical logs, reference should be made to specialized texts. Examples of such texts are included in Appendix A. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions apply. 3.1 ab
30、straction removal of water from a borehole or aquifer 3.2 access tube a pipe inserted into a borehole to permit safe installation of instruments, thus safeguarding them from touching or becoming entangled with the pump or other equipment in the borehole 3.3 air lifting a method of producing a discha
31、rge of water from a borehole by the injection of compressed air 3.4 aquifer a lithological unit, group of lithological units, or part of a lithological unit containing sufficient permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to boreholes or springs 3.5 aquifer properties the properties
32、 of an aquifer that determine its hydraulic behaviour 3.6 argillaceous containing clay minerals 3.7 bed resolution minimum detectable bed thickness 3.8 bonding the seal between a borehole lining and the geological formation 3.9 cable boom rigid support from which the geophysical sonde and cable are
33、suspended 3.10 calibration tail section of field log carrying information on sonde calibration Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 BSI 06-19993 3.11 casing a tubular retaining structure
34、, which is installed in a drilled borehole or excavated well, to maintain the borehole opening. Plain casing prevents the entry of water 3.12 casing string a set of lengths of casing assembled for lowering into a borehole 3.13 core a section of geological formation obtained from a borehole by drilli
35、ng 3.14 curve matching comparison of individual borehole data in graphical form with standard or control data 3.15 dip tube (see access tube) 3.16 drawdown the reduction in head within the aquifer resulting from abstraction 3.17 drilling circulation the movement of drilling fluid (air foam or liquid
36、) used to clear the borehole during drilling 3.18 filter pack granular material introduced into a borehole between the aquifer and a screen or perforated lining to prevent or control the movement of particles from the aquifer into the borehole 3.19 fishing tool grappling equipment used to locate and
37、 recover items from within a borehole 3.20 fluid column that part of a borehole filled by water 3.21 formation a geological unit or series of units 3.22 geophysical log the continuous record of a physical or chemical property, plotted against depth or time 3.23 grain size the principal dimension of
38、the basic particle making up an aquifer or geological unit 3.24 grout a cement/water slurry 3.25 header information description of type of data required for inclusion in a table or as input to a computer program 3.26 invaded zone the portion of formation surrounding a borehole into which drilling fl
39、uid has penetrated 3.27 jig calibrating device for logging sondes 3.28 leachate percolating liquor 3.29 lining (see casing) 3.30 lithology the physical character and chemical composition that gives rise to the appearance and properties of a rock 3.31 logging recording of data 3.32 mud cake a residue
40、 deposited on the borehole wall during drilling 3.33 open borehole an unlined borehole 3.34 packer a device placed in a borehole to seal or plug it at a specific point 3.35 permeability the ability of a material to allow the passage of a fluid Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London Sout
41、h Bank University, Fri Dec 08 10:26:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7022:1988 4 BSI 06-1999 3.36 photomultiplier an electronic device for amplifying and converting light pulses into measurable electrical signals 3.37 plummet a plumb bob used for determining the apparent depth of a b
42、orehole 3.38 porosity the ratio of the volume of open pore space in a sample to the bulk volume of that sample 3.39 rising main the pipe carrying water from within a borehole to a point of discharge 3.40 rugosity degree of roughness (of the borehole wall) 3.41 saline interface the boundary between w
43、aters of differing salt content 3.42 saturated zone that part of an aquifer, beneath the water table, in which all voids are filled with water 3.43 screen a type of lining tube, with apertures designed to permit the flow of water into a borehole while preventing the entry of aquifer or filter pack m
44、aterial 3.44 sonde a cable-suspended probe or tool containing a sensor 3.45 unconfined aquifer water bearing formation with a free water surface 3.46 unconsolidated rock rock that lacks natural cementation 3.47 unsaturated zone that part of an aquifer between the land surface and the water table 3.4
45、8 washout a cavity formed by the action of drilling 3.49 water table the surface in an unconfined aquifer at which the water pressure is atmospheric 3.50 API unit a unit or counting rate used for scaling gamma-ray logs and neutron logs 4 Units of measurement Table 1 gives a list of parameters and un
46、its of measurement in common use. Historically there has been a mix of units, many from the oil industry and the United States. 5 Purpose of geophysical logging 5.1 General Ideally, every borehole drilled for hydrogeological purposes should be geophysically logged. For a small percentage (typically
47、2 % to 10 % of the cost of drilling a borehole), the return of information derived from geophysical logs can far exceed that derived from drilling samples. Logging costs are an even smaller percentage of total costs for developing a groundwater source. Even when a borehole is totally cored and 100 %
48、 recovery is achieved, most geophysical logs will continuously sample perhaps 100 times the volume of the cores. Not only are coring and subsequent laboratory analysis very expensive, they are also time consuming. Long term storage of cores presents problems but digital data of geophysical logs can
49、be stored and recalled easily. Whilst there can be no substitute for high quality geological samples for determining for example strata classification, lithology, mineral content and grain size, the geophysical log provides data on the hydrogeological regime around the borehole. Boreholes drilled for hydrogeological investigation are not often cored and good sample collection techniques are often difficult to achieve. Sample quality is unpredictable in these circumstances and sampling will not be possible where drilling circulation is lost. It is in such sit
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