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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-1: 1991 Grounds maintenance Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00 2
2、006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-1:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 29 March 1991 BSI 02-1999 The following BSI re
3、ferences relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 88/54981 DC ISBN 0 580 19008 0 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Tech
4、nical Committee EPC/2, upon which the following bodies were represented: Anglian Water plc Association of County Councils Association of Playing Fields and Landscape Managers British Association of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Countryside Commission
5、 for Scotland Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of Transport Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Inner London Education Authority Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institution of Water and Environmental Management N
6、ational Farmers Union Sports Turf Research Institute Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7
7、370-1:1991 BSI 02-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Section 1. General 0Introduction 1Scope1 2Definitions1 3Basic considerations1 Section 2. Organization and management 4Organization of a grounds maintenance department4 5Organization of directly employed labour5
8、 6Staff training7 7Organization of work by contract7 8Management plans and objectives10 9Preventive maintenance14 10Maintenance costs14 11Mechanization17 12Service areas18 13Litter and refuse collection and disposal19 14Composting policy20 15Weed, pest and disease control20 16Legislation affecting g
9、rounds maintenance organizations24 Section 3. Planning factors 17Landscape design and the costs of maintenance26 18Design parameters for grass areas26 19Hard areas27 20Use of hazards28 21Siting of furniture28 22Planted areas29 23Management of people and control of access32 Appendix A Explanation of
10、documentation required for a grounds maintenance contract34 Appendix B Grounds inspection checklist39 Appendix C Supplementary checklist for inspection of trees43 Appendix D List of plants listing species (spp.) and cultivars (cvs.) for various climatic, soil and environmental conditions44 Appendix
11、E Bibliography and legislation51 Figure 1 Diagram showing typical staff requirement for a medium sized DEL grounds maintenance organization11 Figure 2 Diagram showing typical staff structure of medium to large organization using contractors12 Figure 3 Average length of the growing season for grasses
12、 (in days) in different parts of the UK16 Table 1 Checklist for the soft landscape features of an estate39 Publication(s) referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-1:1
13、991 ii BSI 02-1999 Foreword This Part of BS 7370 has been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee. BS 7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose t
14、hat is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, fish-farming, land drainage, water supply or navigation, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects of maintenance. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions
15、is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. This Part of BS 7370 gives general recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations of various sizes, and also guidance on design considerations that lead to reason
16、able technical and cost parameters in subsequent maintenance. Detailed recommendations for the maintenance of hard landscape, amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf), soft landscape (excluding turf) and water areas will be given in Parts 2 to 5 of BS 7370, respectively. BS 7370 will com
17、prise the following Parts: Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance; Part 2: Maintenance of hard areas1); Part 3: Recommendations for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf
18、); Part 4: Maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf)1); Part 5: Maintenance of water areas1). Further Parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTEThe numbers given in square brackets throughout the text relate to the bibliographic references given in E.1. A British Standard does not purpo
19、rt to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front co
20、ver, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 56, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) In preparation. Licensed Copy: London South Bank Univer
21、sity, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-1:1991 BSI 02-19991 Section 1. General 0 Introduction This Part of BS 7370 sets out the choices open to those responsible for managing a grounds maintenance organization in terms of use of land
22、, planning objectives and priorities, staff resources, the range of tasks involved and costs. 1 Scope This Part of BS 7370 gives general recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations that are suitable for undertaking tasks of varying size and complexity. It also giv
23、es guidance on design considerations that lead to reasonable technical and cost parameters in subsequent maintenance. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 7370, the following definitions
24、 apply. 2.1 grounds maintenance upkeep of land that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, fish-farming, land drainage, water supply or navigation 2.2 hazard barrier or impediment intended as a means of cont
25、rolling the users of an area 2.3 hard areas all forms of surface that are composed of mineral materials of rigid, flexible or unit construction 2.4 boxed off removal of grass clippngs in the mower box 3 Basic considerations 3.1 User needs Grounds maintenance should not only be concerned with routine
26、 maintenance of existing facilities. It also involves the continuing development of an estate, and the adaptation of techniques and resource use to meet the changing demands of the users. Recognition of the dynamic nature of the task is an essential part of good management practice. Major factors wh
27、ich should determine the type and size of the grounds maintenance organization to be established are those of client/user needs, priorities and cost limitations. The type and scale of facilities required by some users is relatively easily established. A school, for instance, will require an optimum
28、number of sports pitches of various kinds. Operational areas such as airfields will have maintenance requirements specific to their function. The height to which grass may be allowed to grow may, for example, be restricted on some areas so that electronic flight-safety equipment can operate efficien
29、tly. On other areas, the grass will be grown to a different height as a deterrent to birds, as a flight-safety measure. Users of public gardens in major cities and coastal towns may expect to see attractive displays of colour in the summer. The cost of providing these is high and the extent of their
30、 provision will, therefore, need to be balanced, in relation to their value in attracting visitors, against other recreational facilities which have to be provided within defined cost limits. 3.2 Quality control The importance of ensuring a high quality of work under whatever scheme of maintenance i
31、s used cannot be overemphasized. The criteria set out in this standard will help to ensure that the factors needed to achieve this high quality are available to landscape managers and others concerned with the control of parks and open spaces. 3.3 Multiple use Increases in leisure time have led to d
32、emands for many activities to be allowed on land which has traditionally been reserved for a single purpose. Examples are nature and fitness trails, picnic areas in woodlands, fishing and sailing on water storage reservoirs, flying model aircraft on parts of military training areas, and orienteering
33、 in National Park Areas. 3.4 Joint use Joint use of existing facilities such as school playing fields and other publicly owned sports grounds may, because of the shortage of suitable land and high development costs, have to become the rule rather than the exception. Increased use will require more i
34、ntensive maintenance and will, therefore, involve higher costs. Hire fees to clubs making use of joint user facilities should be set at a level which realistically reflects these increased costs. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00
35、 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-1:1991 2 BSI 02-1999 3.5 Nature conservation The primary objective of nature conservation is to ensure that the natural resources of wild flora and fauna, and geological and physiographic features are conserved and, wherever possible, enhanced, so that socie
36、ty may appreciate and benefit from their value to the fullest extent. The protection of sites specially for their nature interest has resulted in the establishment of a series of National Nature Reserves (NNRs). These are managed in such a way as to provide the maintenance of wildlife or physical fe
37、atures as their primary land use in perpetuity. Complementing and extending the NNRs, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) add a larger number of areas worthy of protection for their nature conservation importance, including many in urban areas. The responsibility of managing NNRs, and the i
38、dentification and notification of SSSIs, rests with the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). The NCC advises and co-operates with landowners on the management of SSSIs and has power under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to protect these sites and place constraints on harmful development. Beyond t
39、hese very special sites, the wider environment comprises a larger part of the total natural resource than the protected areas, and although more thinly dispersed, it is vital that it is preserved. There is a need to recognize nature conservation as a land use alongside other activities such as fores
40、try, amenity, recreation and farming. The grounds maintenance manager has the opportunity to develop the interests of nature conservation on the estate for which he is responsible. The first step is to make contact with the nearest office of the NCC to establish whether or not within his estate ther
41、e are particularly valuable sites that are already designated. Links may then be established through the NCC with local conservation specialists who will advise on the wildlife resources and valuable physical features that exist on the estate. These should be surveyed, protected and managed sympathe
42、tically. The NCC will provide advice on how best to do this. In addition, on every estate there are always opportunities to create and develop wildlife habitats by consciously changing land use and maintenance techniques. One simple example is to change from an intensive close mown grass management
43、system, including fertilizing and selective weedkilling, to one where the grass is cut and collected once a year, as a hay crop. The reduction in fertility caused by the removal of nutrients by the hay, the cessation of the use of selective weedkillers, and the enablement of wild flowers to set seed
44、 will encourage a gradual increase in species diversity. This will attract a wider variety of invertebrates, which will in turn attract a greater range of insect-feeding birds and mammals. An awareness of the wildlife features of an estate, a positive approach to their management and the development
45、 of additional habitats will not only serve an end in itself, but will add to a greater understanding of the environment by the community at large. 3.6 Grass cropping or grazing Grass cropping or grazing should be considered for large areas of functional grassland as a means of reducing maintenance
46、costs. Where the taking of a crop is compatible with the operational use of an area, and a local demand for the product is identified, hay, silage, or grass drying are worthwhile possibilities. 3.7 Public relations The involvement of interested parties in the forming of the landscape policy for an e
47、state has been mentioned. Many of the groups who are likely to be consulted will be independent of the grounds maintenance managers employing organization, e.g. local ratepayers associations, conservation groups, a range of clubs and societies concerned with recreation, and the general public. They
48、are likely to react quickly to anything which appears to be an intrusion or interference with their interests and rights. Work on trees, however essential, is highly emotive. Damage to a valuable habitat, whether through ignorance or carelessness, quite rightly provokes a reaction from conservationi
49、sts. In designating particular areas for special uses, publicity should be arranged through articles in the local press, by household circulars and by holding meetings so that as many people as can be reached are informed about development. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-1:1991 BSI 02-19993 On the sites themselves, noticeboards should be erected which explain the land use to the public. In the case of the woodland mentioned in 8.2, noticeboards s
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