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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7852 : 1997 ICS 47.080
2、 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Code of practice for Design of canoes and kayaks Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7852 : 1997 This British Standard, hav
3、ing been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 February 1997 BSI 1997 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference GME/33 Draft for comment 95/705736
4、DC and 95/705737 DC ISBN 0 580 25844 0 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee GME/33, Small Craft, upon which the following bodies were represented: A
5、ssociation of Canoe Trades British Marine Industries Federation British Nautical Instrument Trade Association British Waterways Board Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Department of Trade and Industry Department of Trade and Industry (Standards Policy Unit) Environment Agency Federation of Wire Rope
6、Manufacturers of Great Britain Fire Extinguishing Trades Association Home Office Lloyds register of shipping Marine Safety Agency National Rivers Authority Royal Ocean Racing Club Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Royal Yachting Association Coopted members The following bodies were also
7、represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Canoe Union Canoe Association of Northern Ireland Open Canoe Association Scottish Canoe Association Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Un
8、controlled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7852 : 1997 BSI 1997i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Code of practice 1Scope1 2Informative references1 3Definitions1 4General purpose canoes and kayaks2 5Canoes and kayaks for use on white water3 6Kayaks for use on the sea5 7Canoes for u
9、se on open water6 8Testing6 Annexes A(normative) Buoyancy testing7 B(normative) Information label10 C(normative) Safety instructions10 D(informative) Safety accessories for use on the sea10 Figures A.1 Test rig8 A.2 Testing for buoyancy. General arrangement for kayaks9 Licensed Copy: London South Ba
10、nk University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii BSI 1997 BS 7852 : 1997 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee GME/33. It recommends good practice for the design of canoes and kayaks. It supersedes BS MA
11、91 : Part 1 : 1981 and Part 2 : 1981, which are withdrawn. All canoeing and kayaking should be considered a risk sport, the risk inversely proportional to the paddlers skill and experience. Practice in the use of equipment and rescue methods, an understanding of the elements, as well as the developm
12、ent of paddling skills are all needed, together with a well-designed craft to keep this risk to a minimum. It is emphasized that, while a well-designed, constructed and maintained craft will help to reduce accidents, there is no such thing as a totally safe canoe or kayak. Only the interaction betwe
13、en an experienced and safety-conscious paddler and such a craft can result in safe canoeing or kayaking. Further guidance on canoeing and kayaking can be sought through clubs, courses and the British Canoe Union Coaching Scheme. Useful information about canoeing and kayaking can also be found in the
14、 official Canoeing Handbook 1. As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. Compliance with a British Stan
15、dard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 1
16、2:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 19971 BS 7852 : 1997 1 Scope This code of practice gives recommendations for the design of certain canoes and kayaks. This standard covers all types of canoes and kayaks except surf/wave skis, sit on top kayaks, inflatable canoes, inflatable kay
17、aks, canoes or kayaks designed specially for competition. It does not cover spraydecks or devices to increase the stability of craft or to assist paddlers to re-enter their boats. The recommendations for white water boats can also be applied to kayaks used for surfing. 2 Informative references This
18、British Standard refers to another publication that provides information and guidance. The edition of this publication current at the time of issue of this standard is given on the inside back cover, but reference should be made to the latest edition. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British S
19、tandard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 canoe A craft, usually without decking or with vestigial decks and normally propelled with a single-bladed paddle. NOTE. Canoes are derived from the type of craft used by the North American Indian and are often termed open canoes, or Canadian canoes. 3.2
20、 kayak A craft that is always decked and normally propelled with a double-bladed paddle. NOTE. Kayaks are derived from the type of craft used by the Inuit. They are often termed Eskimo kayaks. 3.3 closed cockpit kayak A kayak in which the deck covers the knees of the occupant(s) in the normal paddli
21、ng position. NOTE. Closed cockpit kayaks are used in white water recreation, slalom, down-river racing, rodeo and squirt competition and also for sea kayaking. 3.4 open cockpit kayak A kayak in which the deck does not cover the knees in the normal paddling position. NOTE. Open cockpit kayaks are use
22、d for some flat-water recreation and for sprint and marathon racing. 3.5 white water play boat A short white water kayak or canoe used to give gymnastic performances on and above the water surface. 3.6 squirt boat A small, white water kayak or canoe whose displacement is very little more than the pa
23、ddler. It is used to give gymnastic performances on or below the water surface. 3.7 buoyancy Buoyant material, normally close-cell foam, watertight air-bags or compartments, used singly or in combination and incorporated within a canoe or kayak to exclude water from regions of the craft in the event
24、 of swamping or flooding. 3.8 total buoyancy The filling of the whole of the interior of the craft with buoyant material that excludes as much water as possible from the interior of a swamped craft, with the exception of the cockpit volume in kayaks and the volume immediately surrounding the paddler
25、 in an open craft which is required to paddle efficiently. 3.9 swamping The filling with water of any part of an undamaged craft, including the cockpit in a kayak without a spraydeck fitted. 3.10 flooding The filling with water of any part of a craft owing to damage or failure. 3.11 platform footres
26、t A platform of suitable material positioned to support the soles of the paddlers feet. 3.12 bar footrest A bar of suitable material positioned to support the ball of the foot only. NOTE. In kayaks they are fastened transversely across the craft, between or close to the gunwales. In a canoe they are
27、 normally close to the hull (floor) of the craft. 3.13 stud footrest Small pads cantilevered out from the gunwale or other part of the hull that support the ball of each foot individually. NOTE. They can be adjustable, or they can consist of a series of separate pads, the one most compatible with th
28、e paddlers leg length being selected to support the foot. This latter type is sometimes known as a notched or ladder footrest. 3.14 end grabs Handles, close to the ends of the craft, consisting of either rigid material, rope or toggles. 3.15 streamers Short lengths of webbing fastened to the ends of
29、 white water craft which act as extensions to end grabs. 3.16 broach loop A strong loop or ring positioned within reach of the paddler while seated in the cockpit which allows the attachment of karabiners or hooks to pull the craft free of obstructions. NOTE. They are often fitted to the foredeck so
30、 that it can be lifted to release a trapped paddler. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 BSI 1997 BS 7852 : 1997 3.17 reinforced plastics Composites commonly referred to as glass reinforced plasti
31、cs (GRP), and also including polyester, vinylester or epoxy resins reinforced by glass, polyester, aramid or carbon fibres. NOTE. These materials can be moulded by hand lamination, mechanical spray-up methods or by vacuum bagging techniques. 3.18 unsupported plastics Plastics such as polyethylene, p
32、olyvinyl chloride (PVC) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) used without reinforcement. NOTE. Polyethylene can be linear (thermoplastic) or cross-linked (thermosetting). These materials can be moulded by blow or rotational moulding techniques or by vacuum forming. 4 General purpose canoes and k
33、ayaks 4.1 General General purpose craft should: a) provide a reasonably stable platform which allows paddle strokes to be performed effectively; b) possess a good strength/weight ratio, compatible with the selection of suitable materials and mode of manufacture; c) not sink when swamped and support
34、its crew in the water; d) be capable of being towed by rope and grasped by hand; e) allow the paddler easy exit in the event of a capsize. NOTE. The above characteristics are sufficiently broad to allow widely differing design solutions to be developed. However, the use of modern materials that are
35、non-buoyant e.g. GRP, or of density only slightly less than water (polyethylene), means that most designs need to incorporate fitted buoyancy in order to meet item c) and the minimum requirement for buoyancy outlined in 4.5. 4.2 Materials Materials used for the construction of canoes and kayaks shou
36、ld be impervious to water, resistant to abrasion, impact, and bending forces, and should withstand corrosion and degradation. Laminates of reinforced plastics should be smooth and free from all rough patches, sharp edges and projections that could cause injury, impede exit, or jam spraycovers. 4.3 S
37、tructure of the craft Any buoyancy, or other internal structures incorporated to increase rigidity, should be firmly secured to the craft and should offer minimal impedance to the paddlers exit from the craft. 4.4 Cockpit rim The cockpit rim should be designed so that the spraydeck remains secure in
38、 the conditions likely to be encountered. The balance between large cockpit size for easy exit and the width of the cockpit rim needed for spraydeck security should be considered. The design of the craft should not prevent the quick release of a spraydeck. 4.5 Buoyancy 4.5.1 Craft should be fitted w
39、ith buoyancy so that the swamped craft, empty of equipment and occupant, floats parallel to the surface in flat water. The amount of buoyancy should ensure that the swamped craft will support a mass of 6 kg placed at either the bow or the stern, and at bow and stern simultaneously so as to support a
40、 total mass of 12 kg. 4.5.2 All buoyant material should be securely fastened so that it cannot float out of a swamped craft. Where air-bag buoyancy is provided, it should be securely tied in position. Buoyancy or buoyant material should offer minimal impedance to the paddlers exit from the craft. 4.
41、5.3 Where buoyant material is used to add strength to the craft it should resist displacement if deformation occurs. 4.5.4 When tested in accordance with A.2.1 to A.2.7, the craft should not sink, nor should its angle of pitch exceed 3 to the horizontal. 4.5.5 When tested in accordance with A.2.8, t
42、he craft should not sink. 4.6 End grabs and handholds 4.6.1 End grabs for kayaks Kayaks should be fitted with end grabs at both bow and stern. All attachments should be strong, and should remain intact when rescuers are seeking to free a trapped craft. End grabs should be made from materials that ar
43、e known to withstand rotting and degradation. End grabs should be easy to grab in an emergency but should also be fitted to minimize possible snagging. Loops, formed when both ends of a rope handle come back to the same or adjacent anchor points, should not be fitted, as there is a danger of hand en
44、trapment if the craft rotates. 4.6.2 End grabs for canoes If fitted, end grabs for canoes should conform to 4.6.1, except that they should be fitted to the hull, not the deck, for maximum security. End grabs are not necessary on open canoes as these craft are easily held along their gunwales. 4.6.3
45、Attachment End grabs made from rope or webbing should incorporate anchor/penetration points at least 75 mm distant from each other, measured along the surface of the deck or hull. 4.6.4 Replacement of end grabs As end grabs have a potential for deterioration, their design should allow them to be rep
46、aired or easily replaced. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 12:59:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 19973 BS 7852 : 1997 4.6.5 Handholds Rigid, rope or wire cable handholds should have a minimum diameter of 6 mm and should have a mi
47、nimum breaking strain of 2000 N. 4.6.6 Webbing Webbing handholds should have a minimum width of 25 mm and should have a minimum breaking strain of 2000 N. 4.6.7 Toggles Toggle handholds should have a minimum length of 75 mm and a minimum diameter of 18 mm. They should be made from materials that are
48、 resistant to degradation and rotting. When the toggle is attached by rope, the rope should be not less than 4 mm in diameter with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. Webbing toggle attachments should be a minimum of 25 mm wide with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. Where two strands
49、 of rope or webbing are used to attach the toggle, they should not allow fingers to become trapped. 4.7 Deck lines Deck lines, where fitted, should be not less than 6 mm in diameter with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. They should be taut and should be secured to remain clear of the cockpit. As they have a potential for deterioration, their design should allow them to be repaired or easily replaced. 4.8 Painters Where fitted, painters should be floating and not less than 6 mm diameter with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. The design should give provisi
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