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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 903-1: 1995 Physical testing of rubber Part 1: Guide to the selection and use of methods of test for rubber Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 This British Standar
2、d, having been prepared under the direction of the Materials and Chemicals (I/-), was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 March 1995 BSI 02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PRI/22 Draft for comment
3、 92/43990 DC ISBN 0 580 23322 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/22, Physical testing of rubber, upon which the following bodies were represented: BP Chemicals Limited British Railways Board British Rub
4、ber Manufacturers Association Ltd. GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.) Institution of Mechanical Engineers Malaysian Rubber Producers Research Association Ministry of Defence RAPRA Technology Ltd. SATRA Footwear Technology Centre Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South
5、Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 BSI 02-2000i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Introduction1 1Scope1 2References2 3Definitions2 4General information for test laboratories2 5Tes
6、ts available3 6Samples for testing3 7Test pieces6 8Applications of the BS 903 test methods7 9Testing for processability13 10Testing for design purposes15 11Testing for durability16 12Evaluation and characterization of materials18 13Designing a specification19 14Product testing20 15Quality21 16Testin
7、g thermoplastic rubbers23 Annex A (informative) Property gradations in material specifications34 Annex B (informative) Bibliography of useful publications on rubber testing and associated topics38 Annex C (informative) International equivalents of British Standards referred to in this guide39 Annex
8、D (informative) Guide to test methods for properties of rubber41 Annex E (informative) Testing for low temperature resistance48 Annex F (informative) Testing for ozone resistance50 Annex G (informative) Acquisition and presentation of comparable data for rubbers and rubber compounds52 Figure 1 Inter
9、-relationship of methods of test4 Figure 2 Durability testing17 Figure 3 Adhesion testing22 Table 1 Test piece thickness for physical testing25 Table 2 Multi-purpose test pieces26 Table 3 Test methods for measuring processability27 Table 4 Test methods suitable for design data27 Table 5 Evaluation o
10、f rubbers28 Table 6 Evaluation of compounding ingredients and ancillary materials29 Table 7 Small test pieces suitable for product testing29 Table 8 Test methods for quality control32 Table 9 Quality control of materials, processing and vulcanization33 Table A.1 List of properties with preferred gra
11、dations and methods of test35 Table G.1 Recommended options for acquisition, and presentation of comparable data53 List of references55 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 ii BSI 02-20
12、00 Foreword This Part of BS 903 has been prepared by Technical Committee PRI/22. In preparing the guide, the aim has been to draw together in a coherent form the various British Standards relevant to the design of rubber compounds, components and products, the laboratory estimation of service perfor
13、mance and the use of standard methods for quality control and quality assurance purposes. In addition, it is hoped that this guide will assist in the preparation of specifications and help to minimize the unnecessary variation in requirements through the adoption of preferred property gradations. Fo
14、r this purpose a technically equivalent version of ISO 1433 has been incorporated as Annex A. It was originally intended to limit the scope of the guide to the selection and use of methods of test in the BS 903-A series, but because of the need to consider such subjects as component design, quality
15、assurance and the testing of thermoplastic rubbers, it became necessary to make reference to additional sources of information outside the scope of BS 903, for example BS 6716, and to some test methods from other industries, for example BS 2782 for plastics, considered suitable for rubbers. A Britis
16、h Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front
17、cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 58, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: London South Bank
18、University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 BSI 02-20001 Introduction Methods of test describe equipment and procedures for measuring, with varying degrees of accuracy and precision, a physical or chemical property of a mater
19、ial or product. They do not predetermine the limits of the physical or chemical property being investigated, except to the extent of the degree of resolution of the method of test itself. A particular method of test may be designed for process quality control or for verification of specific design p
20、arameters. It may also be used as a pre-production design tool. Usually, because of the type of data which is obtained from the method of test, the results can be analysed statistically, but the results from some methods merely provide a pass/fail criteria, which is not always amenable to simple sta
21、tistical analysis (see BS 5324). It is also important to recognize other limitations of test methods. For example, they are often used for purposes for which they were not intended. This can arise because of a failure to draw a clear distinction between tests, even test conditions, intended for qual
22、ity control purposes and those chosen to provide information relevant to the design or performance of the application. A test may also be specified in the mistaken belief it will give the same information as another but in, say, a much shorter time and without the need for more elaborate apparatus.
23、The results obtained from test methods tend to become regarded, erroneously, as properties of the material or product rather than a limited assessment of that property. This is exemplified by the misguided assumption made about the performance of a product, based on the required test result of a med
24、ian or mean value, when a simple statistical estimate of the confidence intervals of the mean of the population might indicate that the true mean could be much lower, or higher, than the estimate given by the method of test. It is then necessary to assess the risks associated with failure caused by
25、such a potentially mistaken assumption, before committing oneself to either acceptance or rejection or changes in design. Changes or variations in one property may have effects on others and in assessing service performance there is a need to obtain multi-point measurements of the material or produc
26、t characteristics. If, therefore, the BS 903 series and associated standards are to continue to serve the industry, it is essential that the users of the test methods recognize these unavoidable limitations. It is equally important that product designers make their needs known, especially where data
27、 are required about a parameter for which there is no test available. Since it was first introduced in 1940, BS 903 has become one of the best-known series of standards in the rubber industry both in the United Kingdom and abroad, finding extensive use in process control, material characterization a
28、nd British Standard specifications. Many of the original parts of BS 903 were the basis for international standardization of test methods. However, few of the standards offer guidance on the selection of methods, procedures and test conditions where a choice exists. It is hoped that this guide will
29、draw together and inter-relate the various Parts of BS 903 and associated standard laboratory test methods, as well as highlighting the merits and shortcomings of small-scale tests generally. It is also hoped that the guide will provide what is perceived as essential assistance in the interpretation
30、 of test results in terms of precision and statistical variation (in conjunction with BS 5324) and in the intended usage of the test methods. To facilitate its use, this British Standard contains some repetition and variation in presentation of the same information, especially with regard to the app
31、lications of test methods and selection of test pieces. Guidance is given in tabular form as far as possible. The guide is intended to complement, not to replace, information published in books on rubber testing and related subjects. Attention is drawn to the publications listed in Annex B. 1 Scope
32、This Part of BS 903 provides guidance to designers, manufacturers and users of rubber products and components, on the selection and use of appropriate standard laboratory methods of test, for the design, performance, quality control and quality assurance of rubber products and for the evaluation and
33、 specification of rubber materials. It applies to solid rubber in raw, compounded or fabricated form, test pieces prepared from solid rubber products and solid test samples prepared from latex or liquid rubber. It does not apply to coated fabrics, ebonite, and cellular rubber, although a number of t
34、he tests described are applied to expanded and sponge rubbers. This Part of BS 903 is not concerned with the needs of particular end uses or polymers, except by way of examples in the text. NOTEThe international equivalents (where they exist) of the publications referred to in this Part are listed i
35、n Annex C. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 2 BSI 02-2000 2 References 2.1 Normative references This Part of BS 903 incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from othe
36、r publications. These normative references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on the inside back cover. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited publication apply to this Part of BS
37、903 only when incorporated in the reference by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments. 2.2 Informative references This Part of BS 903 refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions
38、of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on the inside back cover, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 903 the definitions given in BS 3558:1980 and in individual parts of BS 903 apply. Symbols f
39、or types of rubber are taken from BS 3502-2:1991. 4 General information for test laboratories 4.1 General It is recommended that testing is undertaken in a laboratory conforming to BS 7501. Particular attention should be paid to the following: the laboratory environment (see 4.2); the calibration an
40、d maintenance of testing equipment (see 4.3); the level of training of staff; the storage and handling of samples and test pieces (see 6.3 and 7.4); the use of up-to-date test methods. 4.2 Laboratory environment The standard laboratory temperature for rubber testing in the United Kingdom is 23 C 2 C
41、, the same as that in most other temperate countries. For most physical tests, humidity control need not be specified, but when it is required, for example for electrical testing, the standard laboratory humidity should be 50 % 5 % relative humidity at 23 C 2 C. As far as possible, tests should not
42、be made in a room which contains apparatus that generates ozone, such as a fluorescent lamp, or which for any other reason has an atmospheric ozone concentration above that in normal indoor air. Periodic checks are advised to ensure the ambient concentration is preferably less than 1 part by volume
43、per 100 million parts (pphm) of air. Ozone attack is a cause of surface cracking in unsaturated rubbers held under, or cycled through, a tensile strain and thus higher than normal concentrations may influence the results of tests for tension fatigue (BS 903-A51), tension set (BS 903-A5) and ageing i
44、n tension (BS 903-A52) undertaken at or near ambient temperature. Care should also be taken to avoid direct sunlight or strong light in order to minimize the risk of photo-oxidation or discoloration. 4.3 Testing equipment The testing equipment required is specified in individual test methods. It inc
45、ludes, for measurements of force, the testing machines specified in BS 5214-1 and BS 5214-2. All equipment should be properly maintained and calibrated as appropriate. Any item that has been subjected to overloading or mishandling, or that gives suspect results, should be withdrawn from service for
46、repair and revalidation. Guidance on calibration of testing equipment is given in BS 5781-1. 4.4 Health and safety Attention is drawn to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act. Particular care should be taken when handling cutters and knives used for the preparation of test pieces (see BS 903-A36).
47、Protective gloves should be worn when test pieces and equipment are handled at elevated and sub-normal temperatures. Attention is drawn to the highly toxic nature of ozone (BS 903-A43 and BS 903-A44) and some fluids used for swelling measurements (BS 903-A16). Licensed Copy: London South Bank Univer
48、sity, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 04:57:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 903-1:1995 BSI 02-20003 5 Tests available 5.1 General Many standard laboratory test methods are now available for the measurement of the properties and performance of rubbers in their raw state, dur
49、ing processing and manufacture, and in the finished product. A property guide to existing test methods is given in Annex D. The list will continue to grow as new methods are introduced to meet the demands of new materials, manufacturing processes and products, and as further information on the behaviour of rubber, for example during processing, becomes available. Although tests serve a wide variety of purposes it is important that they should not be treated in isolation. There is need for an interface between test methods and stan
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