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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 10247:2007 Micrographic examination of the non-metallic inclusion content of steels using standard pictures The European Standard EN 10247:2007 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.040.99 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed M
2、ay 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 10247:2007 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 50657 4 National foreword This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK
3、implementation of EN 10247:2007. It supersedes DD ENV 10247:1998 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/72, Methods of physical and metallographic testing. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request t
4、o its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Lic
5、ensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 10247 April 2007 ICS 77.040.99Supersedes ENV 10247:1998 English Version Micrographic examination of the non-meta
6、llic inclusion content of steels using standard pictures Dtermination micrographique de la teneur en inclusions non-mtalliques des aciers laide dimages-types Metallographische Prfung des Gehaltes nichtmetallischer Einschlsse in Sthlen mit Bildreihen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 J
7、anuary 2007. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be
8、obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Ma
9、nagement Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
10、Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any
11、form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 10247:2007: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 2 Contents Foreword5 Introduction.6 1 Scope 7 2 Nor
12、mative references7 3 Principles7 4 Terms and definitions .8 4.1 General8 4.2 Proximity.9 4.3 Parameters .9 4.4 Classes .10 4.5 Others .10 5 Symbols and abbreviations11 6 Sampling.13 6.1 General13 6.2 Minimum reduction13 6.3 Size and location of test area .13 6.4 Number of specimens .14 6.5 Preparati
13、on of specimens.14 7 Test method14 7.1 Magnification14 7.2 Field of view .15 7.3 Definition of the pictures of the chart15 7.3.1 Size and Shape.15 7.3.2 Parameters .15 7.3.3 Arrangement of the pictures.15 7.4 Procedure .15 7.4.1 General15 7.4.2 Several inclusions of mixed sizes in one field .16 7.4.
14、3 Scanning.16 7.4.4 Assessment and evaluation .16 7.4.5 Evaluation of different types of inclusions.17 7.4.6 Default assumptions .17 7.4.7 Recording of results17 8 Types of assessment 17 8.1 Worst inclusion method: method P.17 8.1.1 Principle17 8.1.2 Evaluation of PL (worst length)17 8.1.3 Evaluatio
15、n of Pd (worst diameter)18 8.1.4 Evaluation of Pa (worst area)18 8.2 Worst field method: method M.18 8.2.1 Principle18 8.2.2 Evaluation of Mn (rating according to number) .18 8.2.3 Evaluation of ML (rating according to length)18 8.2.4 Evaluation of Md (rating according to diameter)18 8.2.5 Evaluatio
16、n of Ma (rating according to area)18 8.3 Average field method: method K .19 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 3 8.3.1 Principle .19 8.3.2 Scanning of a specimen for average field
17、 assessment.19 8.3.3 Evaluation 20 8.3.4 Evaluation of Kn, KL for elongated and Kn, Kd for globular inclusions20 8.3.5 Evaluation of Kn and Ka20 9 Test report21 Annex A (normative) Type of inclusions34 Annex B (normative) Parameters and assessments to be used if not otherwise specified .36 Annex C (
18、informative) Examples for inclusions of different types37 Annex D (informative) Shape factor41 Annex E (informative) Examples for magnification.42 Annex F (informative) Details of the eyepiece graticules.44 Annex G (normative) Manufacturing of eyepiece graticule45 G.1 General .45 G.2 Narrow field mi
19、croscopes 45 G.3 Broad field microscopes 46 Annex H (normative) Calculation basis for the pictures of the chart49 Annex K (normative) Rules for classification51 K.1 Definition of classes51 K.2 Classification of length.51 K.3 Classification of width 51 K.4 Classification of diameter.51 K.5 Classifica
20、tion of area 52 Annex L (informative) Comparison of inclusion types in different standards .53 Annex M (informative) Worst inclusion assessment.54 Annex N (informative) Worst field assessment56 N.1 General .56 N.2 Evaluation of Mn56 N.3 Evaluation of Mn, ML and Md56 N.4 Evaluation of Mn and Ma57 Ann
21、ex P (informative) Average field assessment60 P.1 General .60 P.2 Evaluation of Kn, KL and Kd.60 P.3 Evaluation of Kn and Ka60 P.4 Restricted values.60 Annex Q (normative) Calculation basis for the assessment69 Q.1 Worst inclusion assessment69 Q.2 Worst field assessment 69 Q.2.1 Calculation of Mn69
22、Q.2.2 Calculation of ML69 Q.2.3 Calculation of Md70 Q.2.4 Calculation of Ma.70 Q.3 Average field70 Annex R (normative) Determination of precision and scanning parameters for average field assessment72 Annex S (informative) Edge Errors correction.75 S.1 General .75 S.2 Field by field measurement75 An
23、nex T (normative) Calculation of average values of parameters for one class.77 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 4 Annex U (normative) Average values of parameters.79 Annex V (in
24、formative) Comments of the working group.80 V.1 General80 V.2 Length.80 V.3 Width.80 V.4 Number .80 V.5 Resolution 80 V.6 Area.81 V.7 Description of inclusions81 V.8 Globular particles 82 V.9 Shape factor.82 V.10 Combined inclusions 83 V.11 Measuring frame83 Bibliography84 Licensed Copy: London Sout
25、h Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 10247:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 2 “Steel - Physico- chemical and non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of w
26、hich is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2007. Attention is drawn to the
27、possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes ENV 10247:1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standar
28、ds organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Port
29、ugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This document establishes procedures for the as
30、sessment of inclusions in steels, based on their morphology using standard pictures. These procedures include principles that are coherent with physical results obtained from inclusion measurements. The results are in physical units: length in m/ mm2, number/ mm2, areas in m2/ mm2. In comparison to
31、other inclusion rating standards, in this standard the order of the classification begins with the length (row index q).These results can be transposed into other standards ratings for comparison purposes. The conditions of assessments, for instance the rules to scan fields on the specimen, are defi
32、ned such that there is an optimization between magnification and the number of fields to be assessed. The same precision level is achieved by using the same method in manual evaluation and computer controlled measurements. The chart of standard pictures is derived from mathematical principles. The r
33、esults and their precision may be directly computed from field assessments. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard defines a method of microscopic non
34、-metallic inclusion assessment using picture charts. The method does not apply to particles of a length less than 3,0 m or a width smaller than 2,0 m. Defined by a product standard or agreement between the involved parties for certain special products, inclusions with a width below 2,0 m can only be
35、 evaluated according to their length. Elongated inclusions with a length above 1 410 m are counted separately and are beyond the upper application limit of this standard. Globular inclusions with a diameter of 3,0 m and above are included in the assessment. It is assumed, if particles are elongated
36、or if there are stringers of particles, that they are parallel to each other. Other arrangements are not covered by this standard. This European Standard applies to samples with a microscopic precipitation approaching random distribution. From the data of measurements obtained by this method, evalua
37、tion according to other standards can be established. This European Standard does not apply to free cutting steels. NOTE The basic principle of this European Standard allows the determination of non-metallic inclusion content by image analysis techniques. 2 Normative references The following referen
38、ced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing a
39、nd calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) 3 Principles This method consists of a comparison between inclusions observed in a field of view with chart pictures. The chart pictures defined by this European Standard are based on the shape of inclusions and for each shape on length, width and are
40、a, for columns 1 to 10 and number for column 11. This standard employs an ellipse as a basic shape with the circle as a special case of an ellipse (see Figure 1a). Inclusions with a shape like a rectangle or square are treated as ellipses or circles as their areas are not significantly different for
41、 the purpose of this method. The pictures are arranged in rows and columns. The length changes from row to row, the shape factor changes from column to column. This standard is principally concerned with the morphology and arrangement of inclusions. It does not provide information relevant to crysta
42、l structure or chemical constitution of measured inclusions. General practice usually requires a differentiation between inclusions of different chemical composition. The definition of the types should be defined by the product standards. Should no standard be available, then the definition of chara
43、cteristic morphologies shall be, by agreement, between the involved parties. To make description easier, a tree of specific terms is given in Annex A, Figure A.1. The chart pictures represent the upper limits of classes. The length Lx is classified in row q if: qx1-q LLL 3 w2 then the particles w1 a
44、nd w2 are treated separately. For an example see Figure 2e. Some examples for inclusions are given in Figure 2f Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:56:51 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 10247:2007 (E) 9 4.1.3 stringer arrangement of
45、at least 3 particles, normally aligned, forming an inclusion (see Figures 2b, 2f), For examples see Annex C and Figure 2f 4.1.4 test area area on the polished surface of the specimen to be evaluated NOTE In general, the size of the test area is 200 mm2. 4.2 Proximity 4.2.1 distances between particle
46、s distance e between the particles in the direction of main deformation and distance t in the direction perpendicular to it (see Figure 2a) 4.2.2 distance between stringers similar to that for the distance between particles (see Figure 2b) 4.2.3 scattered random arrangement of particles. NOTE For ex
47、ample see Annex C. This is defined in one field of view 4.3 Parameters 4.3.1 length dimension of an inclusion in the main direction of deformation, always assumed to be greater than the width 4.3.2 diameter maximum dimension of inclusion classified according to column 6 (globular inclusion) 4.3.3 wi
48、dth Maximum width perpendicular to the direction of principal deformation. This is the width of the ellipse inscribed to the confining rectangle and having the same length as the inclusion. For manual evaluation this value can only be estimated. The width is the maximum width perpendicular to the di
49、rection of principal deformation for inclusions with only one particle. The width w of an inclusion with 2 particles is given by the largest particle (see Figure 2a). Width of a stringer (see Figure 1b): The width of a stringer is defined as the width of an ellipse inscribed to the confining rectangle and having the same length as the stringer Width of an inclusion out of several stringers (see Figure 2b). The distance t between two stringers is defined as the shortest distance between th
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