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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13098:2001 Workplace atmosphere Guidelines for measurement of airborne micro-organisms and endotoxin The European Standard EN 13098:2001 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.040.30 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Licensed Copy: she
2、ffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 13098:2001 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Environment Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 July
3、 2001 BSI 07-2001 ISBN 0 580 37873 X National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 13098:2001. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/2, Workplace atmospheres, which has the respons
4、ibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section e
5、ntitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Comp
6、liance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related internationa
7、l and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 24, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last is
8、sued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13098 September 2000 ICS 07.100.99; 13.040.30 English version Workplace atmo
9、sphere - Guidelines for measurement of airborne micro-organisms and endotoxin Atmosphres des lieux de travail - Rgles pour le mesurage de micro-organismes et dendotoxine en suspension dans lair Arbeitsplatzatmosphre - Leitlinien fr die Messung von Mikroorganismen und Endotoxin in der Luft This Europ
10、ean Standard was approved by CEN on 17 August 2000. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references con
11、cerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its ow
12、n language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sw
13、eden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2000 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Memb
14、ers. Ref. No. EN 13098:2000 E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 13098:2000 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 4 1Scope. 4 2Normative references. 4 3Terms and definitions 4 4Symbols and abbreviations. 7 5Measurement
15、 of micro-organisms and endotoxin 7 6Sampling . 8 7Analytical method. 10 8Expression of results. 13 9Report 13 Annex A (informative ) Recommendations for selection of measurement methods. 14 Annex B (informative) Example of sampling form . 20 Annex C (informative) List of general media . 21 Annex D
16、(informative) Colony counting - Formula and examples. 22 Bibliography. 24 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 13098:2000 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of
17、 workplace exposure“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by Ma
18、rch 2001. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, N
19、orway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Annexes A, B, C and D are informative. This standard includes a bibliography. .
20、Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 13098:2000 Introduction Assessing occupational exposure to airborne microbial contaminants in a representative way is a challenging task. It is necessary however that information can
21、be gathered to evaluate and to minimise exposure to biological agents. The sampling equipment used often introduces its own critical limitations, as in the assessment of aerosol fractions. Some sampling equipment may be capable only of measuring culturable micro-organisms, while others allow the cha
22、racterisation of both the total number of organisms and the culturable fraction. Analytical procedures may add further to the difficulties and the uncertainties, e.g. the method used may not allow the identification of the biological agents present, or may cause unwanted interference between differe
23、nt biological agents. However, by adhering to the principles outlined in this standard for choice of sampling and analytical procedures, these uncertainties can be reduced and con- trolled, allowing comparable and representative measurements to be made. 1 Scope The European Standard provides guideli
24、nes for the assessment of workplace exposure to airborne micro-organisms including the determination of total number and culturable number of micro-organisms in the workplace atmosphere. The standard also provides methods for measurement of airborne endotoxin in the work environment. The European St
25、andard does not apply to viruses, specific pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins other than endotoxin, although some of the measurement principles may be the same. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These norm
26、ative references are cited at the appropriate place in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. Dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated reference
27、s the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 481, Workplace atmospheres - Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles EN 482, Workplace atmospheres - General requirements for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical a
28、gents EN 689, Workplace atmospheres - Guidance for the assessment of exposure by inhalation to chemical agents for comparison with limit values and measurement strategy EN 1232, Workplace atmospheres - Pumps for personal sampling of chemical agents - Requirements and test methods EN 12919, Workplace
29、 atmospheres - Pumps for the sampling of chemical agents with a volume flow rate of over 5 l/min - Requirements and test methods ISO 7218, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - General rules for microbiological examinations 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standar
30、d the following terms and definitions apply: 3.1 actinomycetes varied group of rod-shaped to filamentous Gram-positive bacteria. NOTEFilamentous actinomycetes form a branching network of thin filaments called a mycelium. Most actinomycetes replicate by conidia-like spores which can easily be made ai
31、rborne. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 5 EN 13098:2000 3.2 bacteria large group of prokaryotic micro-organisms with one chromosome in a nuclear region and which replicate only asexu- ally by cell division. NOTEDifferent
32、 cell-wall chemistry is used for the classification of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Morphological criteria divide into spheres (cocci) and rods. Some species produce endospores as survival units. 3.3 bioaerosol airborne particles with biological origin NOTE 1 In this standard, micro-org
33、anisms and endotoxin are considered. NOTE 2 The majority of bioaerosol particles are complex as far as size, shape and constituent elements are concerned 3.4 biological preservation efficiency the capacity of the sampler to maintain the viability of the airborne micro-organisms during collection and
34、 also to keep the microbial products intact. 3.5 colony forming unit the unit by which the culturable number is expressed. NOTE 1 One colony forming unit can originate from one single micro-organism, an aggregate of many micro-organisms or from one or many micro-organisms attached to one particle. N
35、OTE 2 The number of outgrown colonies may depend on cultivation conditions. 3.6 culturable number the number of micro-organisms, single cells or aggregates able to form colonies on a solid nutrient medium. NOTEThe viable number (see 3.21) includes all potentially metabolic active micro-organisms. So
36、me micro-organisms are viable but are not necessarily culturable 3.7 elevated level a level above normal background level of micro-organisms in a specified environment. 3.8 endotoxin a constituent of the external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide), consisting of a complex lipid,
37、 lipid A, which is covalently bound to a polysaccharide. NOTE“Free endotoxin“ is liberated after cell death and by budding from living cells. Lipid A is the active (toxic) part and is a potent pro-inflammatory substance and may induce febrile, bronchial and other symptoms in exposed workers. The com
38、position and the toxicity of endotoxin differs between species. 3.9 endotoxin unit a unit standardized against the defined reference material (Reference standard endotoxin). 3.10 exposure (by inhalation) a situation in which a chemical or biological agent is present in air which is inhaled by a pers
39、on (see EN 482). 3.11 filtration collection of particles suspended in gas or liquid by flow through a porous medium. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 6 EN 13098:2000 3.12 fungi a diverse group of eukaryotic micro-organism
40、s with membrane-bound nucleus comprising several chromosomes. NOTEMultiplication is mainly asexual but several groups replicate also by sexual spores. Filamentous fungi (moulds) grow in lengthy hyphae and form compact tufts called mycelia. Asexual spores (conidia) are easily made airborne. Yeasts ar
41、e usually unicellular, of spherical shape and their cells multiply sexually or asexually by budding. 3.13 impaction collection of airborne particles accelerated through a nozzle or orifice on a surface by inertia effect. 3.14 impingement combination of impaction onto a surface and subsequent dispers
42、ion into a liquid medium. 3.15 Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate enzymes extracted from the blood cells of the horse shoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) that are activated by endotoxin. 3.16 micro-organisms any microbiological entity, cellular or non cellular, capable of replication or of transferring genetic ma
43、terial, or entities that have lost these properties. NOTEThe term micro-organism covers the term of biological agent, according to the Directive 90/679/EEC: micro-organisms, including those which have been genetically modified, cell cultures and human endoparasites which may be able to provoke any i
44、nfection, allergy or toxicity. 3.17 physical sampling efficiency the capacity of the sampler to collect particles with specific sizes suspended in workplace air. 3.18 sieve sampler multi-orifice impactor. 3.19 total sampling efficiency the product of the physical sampling efficiency and the biologic
45、al preservation efficiency. 3.20 total number of micro-organisms the number of micro-organisms determined as single organisms (or a corresponding measure). NOTEBoth the viable and the non-viable micro-organisms are included. 3.21 viable number of micro-organisms the number of micro-organisms having
46、a potential for metabolic activity. NOTEA viable micro-organism is not necessarily culturable, which means that the number of culturable micro-organisms may underestimate the viable number. 3.22 work pattern the definable series of activities from the periods under consideration (see EN 689). 3.23 w
47、orkplace the workplace is the defined area or areas in which the work activities are carried out (see EN 689). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 09:10:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 7 EN 13098:2000 4 Symbols and abbreviations ATPAdenosine triphosphate CFUColo
48、ny forming unit CVCoefficient of variation DNADeoxyribonucleic acid EUEndotoxin unit GSDGeometric standard deviation LALLimulus Amoebocyte Lysate LPSLipopolysaccharide (see 3.8) SEMScanning electron microscope 5 Measurement of micro-organisms and endotoxin 5.1 Biological agents and biological proper
49、ties Bioaerosols may contain different micro-organisms and/or different components originating from these. Micro-organisms may be classified in different taxonomic groups like Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. These may be further classified to genus or species level. Immunologic reactions e.g. allergic and/or toxic reactions can result from exposure to micro-organisms irrespective of their viability. NOTESpecies identification may be useful in studies of specific allergic and toxic reactions. 5.2 Aim of measure
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