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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12454:1998 The Euro
2、pean Standard EN 12454:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.140.80 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Founding Visual examination of surface discontinuities Steel sand castings Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2
3、006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 September 1998 BSI 1998 ISBN 0 580 29984 8 BS EN 12454:1998 Amendments issued since pu
4、blication Amd. No.DateText affected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 12454:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/NFE/9, Foundry Technology, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the t
5、ext; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obt
6、ained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find faci
7、lity of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obliga
8、tions. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 5 and a back cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe
9、en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12454:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 12454 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA IS
10、CHE NORM May 1998 ICS 77.140.80 Descriptors: Foundry engineering, steel products, cast steels, sand castings, surface properties, defect tolerances, visual examination, acceptability English version Founding Visual examination of surface discontinuities Steel sand castings Fonderie Examen visuel des
11、 discontinuite s de surface Pie ces en acier moule es en sable Gieereiwesen Visuelle Bestimmung von Oberfla chenfehlern Stahl-Sandgustu cke This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 April 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condit
12、ions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three o
13、fficial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austri
14、a, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2
15、EN 12454:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190, Foundry technology, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorseme
16、nt, at the latest by November 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 1998. Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG 4.20, Surface inspection to prepare the following standard: EN 12454, Founding Visual examina
17、tion of surface discontinuities Steel sand castings. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
18、 Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword2 Introduction3 1Scope3 2Normative references3 3Description3 4Requirements4 5Conditions for examination4 6Recording of results of inspection4 Annex A (informative) Bib
19、liography5 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 12454:1998 BSI 1998 1) The categories not included in this standard are: A surface roughness: the natural surface of the casting after shot-blasting (4 severity levels); G
20、surface finish: thermal dressing (4 severity levels); H surface finish: mechanical dressing (4 severity levels). Introduction Agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser on the required surface quality of steel sand castings has frequently been hindered by the absence of suitable specificat
21、ions. This standard is aimed at avoiding misunderstandings arising from imprecise information at the enquiry and/or order stage. There are two points to consider when examining the surface of a casting: surface roughness; surface discontinuities. EN 1370 deals with surface roughness inspection. Asse
22、ssment with visual surface examination of castings is by the use of visual comparators. 1 Scope This standard specifies the method to be used for visual examination to assess surface discontinuities of steel castings produced in conventional sand moulds. A set of visual comparators 1 comprising repl
23、icas of actual casting discontinuities forms the basis of the assessment. This standard does not apply to steel castings made by the resin-shell, investment and other precision moulding techniques. This standard defines several categories of discontinuities and severity levels within each of these c
24、ategories. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments
25、to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 1370, Founding Surface roughness inspection by visualtactile comparators. EN 1559-
26、1, Founding Technical conditions of delivery Part 1: General. prEN 1559-2, Founding Technical conditions of delivery Part 2: Additional requirements for steel castings. NOTEInformative references to documents used in the preparation of this standard, and cited at the appropriate places in the text,
27、are listed in a bibliography, see annex A. 3 Description The set of comparators 1 comprises nine categories. For the purposes of this standard, six categories have been selected. Within these categories, 2, 3 or 4 severity levels, increasing in severity from 1 to 4, have been chosen. NOTEThe categor
28、ies not included1)in the standard relate to surface roughness and are therefore included in EN 1370. The selected comparator 1 series for surface discontinuities and the number of severity levels are: surface inclusions: non-metallic material trapped on the casting surface (4 severity levels); gas p
29、orosity: indications of gas at the casting surface (4 severity levels); laps and cold shuts: surface irregularities giving a wrinkled appearance (3 severity levels); scabs: slightly raised surface irregularities (2 severity levels); inserts: indications of chaplets or internal chills (2 severity lev
30、els); welds: indications of welds as welded, fully or partially removed by thermal or mechanical dressing (4 severity levels). Table 1 gives the relationship between the severity levels in this standard and the selected comparators 1. The different categories and severity levels of comparators are s
31、hown in Table 2. Table 1 Relationship between severity levels and the selected comparators CategoriesSeverity levels 1234 Identification according to 1 Surface inclusionsB 1B 2B 4B 5 Gas porosityC 2C 1C 3C 4 Laps and cold shutsD 1D 1D 2D 5 ScabsE 3E 5 InsertsF 1F 3 WeldsJ 1J 2J 3J 5 NOTEThe severity
32、 level required can be different for each category. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 12454:1998 BSI 1998 Table 2 Relationship between surface roughness and detectable surface discontinuities CategoriesMinimum surface
33、 conditions increasing roughness1) comparators according to 2 1 S12 S13 S16 S1 comparators according to 1 A 1A 2A 3A 4 Detectable severity level of surface discontinuities Surface inclusions1 to 41 to 444 Gas porosity1 to 41 to 43 to 44 Laps and cold shuts1 to 41 to 43 to 43 to 4 Scabs3 to 43 to 43
34、to 43 to 4 Inserts3 to 43 to 43 to 43 to 4 Welds1 to 41 to 42 to 42 to 4 1) The surface roughness influences the minimum discontinuity severity level which can be assessed. For example, it is unlikely that severity level 1 surface inclusions can be detected on an A 3 surface condition. 4 Requirement
35、s When visual surface assessment of casting quality is required, the acceptance level shall be agreed by the time of acceptance of the order. The order shall be subject to an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser in accordance with EN 1559-1 and prEN 1559-2 and shall specify at least
36、the following points: the areas of the castings which are to be assessed. They shall be clearly indicated by the time of enquiry and/or acceptance of the order; the category and severity level required; NOTEBy special agreement G and H categories 1 can be included in the requirements and the assessm
37、ent. the manufacturing stage at which surfaces are to be assessed. 5 Conditions for examination 5.1 The severity level of discontinuities that are to be visually detected is critically dependant on the roughness of the surface on which they appear. Table 2 gives the severity level that can normally
38、be detected according to the surface roughness as defined in EN 1370. 5.2 For evaluating casting surfaces, the areas to be assessed shall be visually compared, without optical aids, with the appropriate comparators on the basis of the category and severity level. Comparison of the comparators with t
39、he casting surface shall be made with the comparators held next to the casting under good lighting conditions, e.g. minimum 350 lx. The evaluation shall be performed by trained personnel with satisfactory visual acuity. 5.3 When two or more discontinuity categories are present in any area to be asse
40、ssed, each shall be assessed according to its own severity level. 5.4 The assessment shall be satisfactory if, in the required area, it is equal to or better than the stated reference comparators. 6 Recording of results of inspection If requested by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall keep a recor
41、d of the examination and provide a report. The identification of the casting shall permit the correlation of a product with the related inspection document. The records compiled by the manufacturer during the examination shall contain at least the following: identification of the casting; name and q
42、ualification of the person undertaking the examination; designated category and specified severity level for each area examined. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 5 EN 12454:1998 BSI 1998 2) The SCRATA set of comparators c
43、omprises replica plates (150 mm 3 100 mm each) and corresponding photographs. Annex A (informative) Bibliography In the preparation of this European Standard, use was made of a number of documents for reference purposes. These informative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text an
44、d the publications are listed hereafter. 1 SCRATA comparators for the definition of surface quality of steel castings, available from The Castings Development Centre, 7 East Bank Road, Sheffield, S2 3PT, United Kingdom2). 2 BNIF 359 Recommandation technique du Bureau de Normalisation des Industries
45、de la Fonderie. Caracte risation de tats de surface des pie ces moule es Utilisation des e chantillons types de 110 3 160 mm, available from Editions Techniques des Industries de la Fonderie, 44 avenue de la Division Leclerc, F-92312 Se vres Cedex, France. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na,
46、 Sat Oct 28 08:51:31 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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