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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1936:1999 The Europ
2、ean Standard EN 1936:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.100.15 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na
3、, Mon Oct 30 09:19:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 September 1999 BSI 09-
4、1999 ISBN 0 580 32293 9 BS EN 1936:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1936:1999. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/545, Natural stone, which has the r
5、esponsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.
6、 A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled Intern
7、ational Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a Brit
8、ish Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 5 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed throughout this document indicates when the document was last is
9、sued. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Oct 30 09:19:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1999 CEN All right
10、s of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1936:1999 E EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 1936 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM March 1999 ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 English version Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent dens
11、ity, and of total and open porosity Me thodes dessai pour pierres naturelles De termination des masses volumiques re elle et apparente et des porosite s ouverte et totale Pru fverfahren fu r Naturstein Bestimmung der Reindichte, der Rohdichte, der offenen Porosita t und der Gesamtporosita t This Eur
12、opean Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 1999. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
13、 concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into it
14、s own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain
15、, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Oct 30 09:19:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 1936:1999 BSI 09-1999 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246, Natural stones, the Secretariat of
16、 which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1999, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1999. This European Standard
17、 is one of the series of draft standards for tests on natural stone. Test methods for natural stone consist of the following parts: EN 1925, Natural stone test methods Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity. EN 1926, Natural stone test methods Determination of compressive stren
18、gth. EN 12370, Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to salt crystallization. prEN 12371, Natural stone test methods Determination of frost resistance. EN 12372, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load. prEN 12407, Natural stone test met
19、hods Petrographic description. prEN 13161, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under constant moment. prEN 13364, Natural stone test methods Determination of the breaking load at a dowel hole. prEN . (WI 00246011), Natural stone test methods Determination of thermal dilatat
20、ion coefficient. prEN . (WI 00246012), Natural stone test methods Determination of soundspeed propagation. prEN . (WI 00246014), Natural stone test methods Determination of abrasion resistance. prEN . (WI 00246015), Natural stone test methods Determination of Knoop hardness. prEN . (WI 00246016), Na
21、tural stone test methods Determination of thermal shock resistance. prEN . (WI 00246017), Natural stone test methods Determination of slip coefficient. prEN . (WI 00246018), Natural stone test methods Determination of static elastic modulus. prEN . (WI 00246019), Natural stone test methods Determina
22、tion of rupture energy. prEN . (WI 00246030), Natural stone test methods Determination of surface finishes (rugosity). prEN 13373, Natural stone test methods Determination of geometric characteristics on units. prEN . (WI 00246032), Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to ageing by
23、 salt mist. prEN . (WI 00246033), Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to ageing by humidity, temperature, SO2action. prEN . (WI 00246035) Natural stone test methods Determination of dynamic elastic modulus (by fundamental resonance frequency). prEN . (WI 00246036) Natural stone te
24、st methods Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. It is intended that other ENs should call up this EN 1936 as the basis of evaluation of conformity. (Nevertheless it is not intended that all natural stones products should be subjected regularly to all the listed tests. Specifica
25、tions in other standards should call up only relevant test methods). According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
26、Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword2 1Scope3 2Normative references3 3Principle3 4Definitions3 5Symbols3 6Apparatus3 7Preparation of the specimens4 8Test procedure4 9Expression of results
27、5 10Test report5 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Oct 30 09:19:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 1936:1999 BSI 09-1999 1 Scope This European Standard specifies methods of determining the real density, the apparent density, and the open and total porosity of natur
28、al stone. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to
29、 or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. prEN 12670, Natural stones Terminology. ISO/DIS 3507, Laboratory glassware Pyknometers.
30、 prEN 12440, Denomination of natural stone. 3 Principle After drying to constant mass, the apparent density and the open porosity are determined by vacuum assisted water absorption and submerged weighing of specimens. The real density and the total porosity require the specimen to be pulverized. 4 D
31、efinitions For the purposes of this standard the following definitions and the definitions in accordance with prEN 12670 apply. 4.1 apparent density (rb) the ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume 4.2 apparent volume the volume limited by the external surface of the speci
32、men, including any voids 4.3 volume of the solid part the difference between the apparent volume of the specimen and the volume of the voids (open and closed pores) 4.4 real density (rr) the ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and the volume of its solid part 4.5 open porosity the ratio (as a
33、 percentage) between the volume of the open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen 4.6 total porosity the ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of pores (open and closed) and the apparent volume of the specimen 5 Symbols mdmass of the dry specimen, in grams; memass of the specimen ground
34、 and dried (for the tests using the pycnometer or the volumenometer), in grams; mhmass of the specimen immersed in water, in grams; msmass of the saturated specimen, in grams; m1mass of the pycnometer filled with water and the ground specimen, in grams; m2mass of the pycnometer filled with water, in
35、 grams; Vbapparent volume of the specimen, in millilitres; Vovolume of open pores of the specimen, in millilitres; Vsvolume of liquid displaced by the mass me (volumenometer test); rbapparent density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre; rrreal density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubi
36、c metre; rrhdensity of water, in kilograms per cubic metre; ptotal porosity of the specimen, as a percentage; poopen porosity of the specimen, as a percentage. 6 Apparatus 6.1 A ventilated oven, which can maintain a temperature of (705) 8C. 6.2 An evacuation vessel, which can maintain a pressure of
37、(2,00,7) kPa = (155) mm Hg and allow gradual immersion of the contained specimens. 6.3 A weighing instrument, which has an accuracy of at least 0,01 % of the mass to be weighed, also capable to weigh the specimen in water. 6.4 A linear measuring device, with an accuracy of 0,1 mm. 6.5 An ISO/DIS 350
38、7 type 3 pycnometer, having a nominal capacity of 50 ml. 6.6 A Le Chatelier type volumenometer, consisting of a flat-bottomed flask with a tube graduated from 0 ml to 24 ml in 0,1 ml graduations. 6.7 A sieve, with a 0,063 mm mesh. 6.8 A desiccator, with desiccant. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffiel
39、dun, na, Mon Oct 30 09:19:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 1936:1999 BSI 09-1999 7 Preparation of the specimens 7.1 Sampling The sampling is not the responsibility of the test laboratory except where specially requested. At least six test specimens, which are considered repres
40、entative of the body of stone being tested, shall be selected. 7.2 Test specimens The test specimens have the form of a cylinder, cube or prism and shall be obtained by diamond sawing or coring. Their apparent volume calculated by geometrical measurements shall be at least 25 ml. In addition, the su
41、rface area to volume ratio shall be between 0,1 mm21and 0,2 mm21. NOTEThe specimens prepared for the determination of compressive or flexural strength can be used if they satisfy the surface/volume ratio. 7.3 Drying the specimens The specimens are to be dried at a temperature of (705) 8C until a con
42、stant mass is reached. This is assumed to have been attained when the difference between two weighings at an interval of (242) h is not greater than 0,1 % of the mass of the specimen. The specimens shall be kept in a desiccator until room temperature is attained. 8 Test procedure 8.1 Open porosity a
43、nd apparent density Weigh each specimen (md), then put the specimens into an evacuation vessel and lower the pressure gradually to (2,00,7) kPa = (155) mm Hg. Maintain this pressure for (242) h in order to eliminate the air contained in the open pores of the specimens. Introduce demineralized water
44、at (205) 8C slowly into the vessel (the rate at which the water rises shall be such that the specimens are completely immersed in not less than 15 min). Maintain the pressure of (2,00,7) kPa during introduction of water and for (242) h afterwards. After this time return the vessel to atmospheric pre
45、ssure and leave the specimens under water for another (242) h at atmospheric pressure. Then, for each specimen: weigh the specimen under water and record the mass in water: mh; quickly wipe the specimen with a dampened cloth and determine the mass msof the specimen saturated with water. In the case
46、of natural stones with visible cavities (e.g. travertine) the apparent volume is determined by measuring the dimensions of the specimens to the nearest millimetre. 8.2 Real density 8.2.1 General For dense, low porosity stones the differences between real and apparent density, as well as between open
47、 porosity and total porosity, are very small. For these stones it is sufficient to determine the apparent density and the open porosity. In the case of control of supplies the decision of omitting the determination of the real density shall be agreed upon between the parties. In this standard two me
48、thods for the determination of real density are described: the pycnometer (Method A) and Le Chatelier volumenometer (Method B). The first method is more accurate but requires a very long time. It is suggested to use it as a reference method in the case of controversy. Le Chatelier volumenometer meth
49、od is less accurate but easy and rapid to perform and can be used for production control. 8.2.2 Method A (pycnometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent density and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately until the particles will pass through a sieve with 0,063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to a constant mass and set apart a mass meof approximately 25 g weighed to an accuracy of0,01 g. Introduce deionized water into the pycnometer and fill it until appr
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