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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13738:2004 Incorporating Corrigendum No. 1 Geotextiles and geotextile-related products Determination of pullout resistance in soil The European Standard EN 13738:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 ? Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Su
2、n Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 13738:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 15 December 2004 BSI August 2006 ISBN 0 580 45098 8 National foreword This British Standard is the official English
3、language version of EN 13738:2004. It supersedes BS 6906-8:1991 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/553, Geosynthetics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to
4、its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “ International Standards Correspondence Index” , or by using the “ Search” facility of the BSI Elect
5、ronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to u
6、nderstand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comp
7、rises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. 16430August 2006 Addition of supersession
8、 details Corrigendum No. 1 DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13738 November 2004 ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 English version Geotextiles and geotextile-related prod
9、ucts - Determination of pullout resistance in soil Gotextiles et produits apparents aux gotextiles - Dtermination de la rsistance larrachement du sol Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte - Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem Boden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 Se
10、ptember 2004. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be
11、 obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central
12、 Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Polan
13、d, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
14、reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13738:2004: E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope4 2 Normative references4 3 Terms and definitions.4 3.1 pullout force.4
15、 3.2 pullout resistance.4 3.3 peak pullout resistance4 3.4 wire gauge.4 3.5 normal stress (n)4 4 Principle .4 5 Test Specimens.5 5.1 Sampling .5 5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens5 5.3 Conditioning 5 6 Apparatus.5 6.1 Pullout box.5 6.2 Normal stress loading device7 6.3 Pullout force loading
16、 device7 6.4 Displacement indicators7 6.5 Specimen clamping devices8 6.6 Soil preparation equipment.8 6.7 Miscellaneous equipment8 6.8 Calibration of the apparatus9 7 Procedure.9 7.1 Placing and compaction of the soil .9 7.2 Placement of specimen.9 7.3 Placing and compaction of the upper layer.9 7.4
17、 Application of the normal compressive stress.9 7.5 Testing.9 8 Calculations .10 9 Report.12 Annex A (informative) Pullout tests using a constant stress loading method. 13 Bibliography14 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 137
18、38:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13738:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189, “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, a
19、t the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2005. This document includes a Bibliography. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European St
20、andard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheff
21、ieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 4 1 Scope This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to pullout from soil using a laboratory pullout box. The goal of the proce
22、dure is to provide data relating to the development of friction on materials used primarily for soil reinforcement. The test method described is a performance test procedure to determine the fitness for use of geotextiles and geotextile-related products intended to be used in a given application. 2
23、Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 963, Geotextiles and geot
24、extile-related products - Sampling and preparation of test specimens prEN ISO 10318:2000, Geosynthetics - Geotextiles, geotextile-related products, geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners - Terms and their definitions (ISO/DIS 10318:2000) ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testi
25、ng - Specifications 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN ISO 10318:2000 and the following apply. 3.1 pullout force force required to pull a geotextile or a geotextile-related product out of the soil during a pullout test 3.2 pullout resis
26、tance pullout force per width of geotextile or geotextile-related product measured at a specified rate of displacement 3.3 peak pullout resistance maximum pullout resistance measured during a pullout test 3.4 wire gauge displacement gauge consisting of an inextensible wire attached to the geotextile
27、 or geotextile-related product and monitored by connection to a dial extensometer, or electronic displacement transducer 3.5 normal stress ( n) vertical stress applied to the specimen 4 Principle A horizontal force is applied to a specimen embedded between two layers of soil and the force required t
28、o pull the specimen out of the soil is recorded. The pullout resistance is calculated by dividing the pullout force by the specimen width. The test can be performed while applying vertical stress to the top soil layer. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, U
29、ncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 5 A plot of maximum pullout resistance versus applied normal stress is obtained by conducting a series of such tests. NOTE 1 The relationship between the pullout resistance and the normal stress obtained from the test is due in part to the pullout mechanis
30、m which occurs. The pullout resistance versus normal stress plot produced using data from this test is a function of soil grading, plasticity, as-placed density, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the specimen and other test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms
31、of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effect of a combination of pullout mechanisms which may vary depending on type of specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, rate of displacement and normal stress. NOTE 2 For checking the type of failure (break of reinforce
32、ment or slippage) in a site specific soil, smaller boxes, e.g. a shear box (300 mm x 300 mm) according to prEN ISO 129571, may be used with a specimen width similar to the one defined in EN ISO 10319. 5 Test Specimens 5.1 Sampling Take specimens in accordance with EN 963. 5.2 Number and dimensions o
33、f test specimens Cut three specimens from the test sample, for each direction to be tested, the size of the specimens to suit the dimensions of the apparatus being used. The embedded length shall be equal to three times the width of the specimen. The specimens shall be narrower, by not less than 100
34、 mm, than the inside width of the pullout box on each side and of sufficient length to facilitate clamping. 5.3 Conditioning Condition the test specimens and conduct the tests in the standard test atmosphere, defined in ISO 554. The test specimens are considered to have been conditioned when the cha
35、nge in mass between two successive readings made at intervals of not less than two hours does not exceed 0,25% of the mass of the test specimens. The test shall be performed in the same atmosphere. NOTE Conditioning and/or testing at a specified relative humidity may be omitted if it can be shown th
36、at the results are not affected by this omission. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Pullout box An open rigid box consisting of two smooth parallel sides, a back wall, a horizontal split removable door and a bottom plate. The door is at the front of the apparatus as defined by the direction of applied pullout force.
37、A typical apparatus is shown in Figure 1. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 6 Key 1 Pullout device 2 Grip 3 Load cell 4 Air bag 5 Soil 6 Specimen Figure 1 Pullout box A standard box should be rectangular with
38、minimum dimensions of 1,5 m long by 0,6 m wide and 0,3 m deep. Depth shall be increased to six times the maximum particle size of the soil if necessary. The apparatus shall allow the placing of the normal stress control device and a minimum loaded specimen length to width ratio of not less than thre
39、e. The apparatus shall be fitted with devices to ensure a constant normal stress on all surfaces of the specimen during the test. NOTE During the test, the displacement of the specimen may create a load on the rigid front wall. This loading can also produce anomalous results as stress fields cannot
40、develop fully. Vertical stress may also increase due to front wall friction and arching. A fixed metal sleeve fitted at the entrance of the box with a minimum length of 200 mm should be used for minimise these phenomena (Figure 2). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+
41、00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 7 Key 1 Grip 2 Sleeve device Figure 2 Normal stress control devices 6.2 Normal stress loading device The normal stress, applied to the upper layer of soil, shall be constant and uniform for the duration of the test. To maintain a uniform norma
42、l stress, a flexible pneumatic or hydraulic diaphragm loading device over the entire pullout box area should be used. Normal stresses applied will depend on testing requirements; however, stresses up to 200 kPa should be anticipated in the design of the apparatus. The applied normal stress shall be
43、measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied stress. 6.3 Pullout force loading device The pullout force shall be supplied by a device with the ability to pull the specimen horizontally out of the apparatus. The line of the force shall be coincident with the plane of the specimen. The pullout system
44、 shall be able to apply the pullout force at a constant rate of displacement. The rate of displacement shall be such that excess pore pressures are not developed in the soil. When using free draining soils, where excess pore pressures will not be generated, the pullout force shall be applied to give
45、 a rate of displacement of (2,0 + 0,2) mm/min and the rate of pullout shall be recorded during the test. A device to measure the pullout force, a load cell or proving ring, shall be incorporated into the system. The pullout force shall be measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied force. 6.4 Disp
46、lacement indicators Horizontal displacement of the specimen is measured at the clamp/geotextile position and if required at other positions on the embedded portion of the specimen. Measurements in front of the specimen are made using a dial extensometer or electronic displacement transducers, e.g. l
47、inear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), mounted to the apparatus frame to read against a plate attached to the specimen near the beginning of the embedded specimen (left side of section 1 in Figure 3 ) To determine the displacement of the specimen at other positions a minimum of five gauge
48、s are spaced along the embedded portion of the specimen. A typical instrumentation setup is shown in Figure 3. Displacement measurements within the box may be made using any one of several methods using sensors or gauge connectors directly on the specimen. The movements are monitored and recorded re
49、motely. For example: one such system utilises wire gauges, which are protected from normal stress by a surrounding tube which runs from a location Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Oct 29 15:47:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 13738:2004 (E) 8 mounted on the specimen to the outside of the box, where displacements are measured by a dial indicator or electronic displacement transducer. All dial gauges or electronic measurement devices shall be accurate
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