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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 539-2:1998 The Euro
2、pean Standard EN 539-2:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.100.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of physical characteristics Part 2: Test for frost resistance Licensed Copy: sheffieldun she
3、ffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 September 1998 BSI
4、 1998 ISBN 0 580 30153 2 BS EN 539-2:1998 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 539-2:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/542, Roofing and cladding p
5、roducts for discontinuous laying, to Subcommittee B/542/3, Clay roofing tiles, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monito
6、r related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this doc
7、ument may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of Brit
8、ish Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 19 and a back cover. Licensed Copy:
9、sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in
10、any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. 539-2:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 539-2 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM May 1998 ICS 91.100.200 Descriptors: Buildings, roofing, tile roofing, roofing tiles, terracotta, layout, tests, determination, physical properti
11、es, weather effects, freeze-thaw resistance, deterioration, geographic distribution English version Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of physical characteristics Part2: Test for frost resistance Tuiles de terre cuite pour pose en discontinu De termination des caracte ristique
12、s physiques Partie 2: Essais de re sistance au gel Tondachziegel fu r u berlappende Verlegung Bestimmung der physikalischen Eigenschaften Teil 2: Pru fung der Frostwiderstandsfa higkeit This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 April 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC I
13、nternal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN me
14、mber. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN membe
15、rs are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+
16、00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 539-2:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 128, Roof covering products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standar
17、d shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 1998. The present part of this standard is one of a group of standards con
18、cerning clay roofing tiles, the list of which is indicated below: prEN 1304, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Product definitions and specifications. EN 538, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Flexural strength test. EN 1024, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determinat
19、ion of geometric characteristics. The present part of EN 539 is preceded by the Part 1: EN 539-1, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of physical characteristics Part 1: Impermeability test. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations
20、 of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword2 1Scop
21、e3 2Normative reference3 3Definitions3 4Test pieces3 5Test method A3 6Test method B6 7Test method C12 8Test method D15 Annex A (normative) Soaking of the test pieces18 Annex B (normative) Determination and calculation of water absorption19 Annex C (normative) Determination of dry density by hydrosta
22、tic weighing19 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 539-2:1998 BSI 1998 1 Scope This part of this European Standard specifies four test methods for the determination of frost resistance of clay roofing tiles and fittings
23、 to apply according to the geographic zone of use of the product under the conditions described in prEN 1304. 2 Normative reference This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in
24、 the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated into it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referre
25、d to applies. prEN 1304:1994, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Product definitions and specifications. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 pit see definition in prEN 1304:1994, 4.4.17.3 3.2 hair crack superficial crack having a width of no
26、t more than 0,15 mm 3.3 nascent crack harmless crack formation at the edge, only crack penetrating slightly into the interior of the ceramic body 3.4 surface crack crack more than 0,15 mm wide which does not pass through the ceramic body 3.5 scaling surface raising, nascent chipping, or crack, which
27、 initiates damage 3.6 peeling damage characterized by the loss of part of the superficial layer of the test piece 3.7 surface damage breaking off (detachment) of part of the ceramic body from the surface of the test piece. The surface area of the test piece remains unchanged 3.8 flaking damage chara
28、cterized by a progressive loss of material affecting the whole, or part of the thickness of the test piece 3.9 structural crack see definition in prEN 1304:1994, 4.4.17.5 3.10 loss of ribs damage characterised by a loss of material solely from the interlocking or reinforcing ribs 3.11 break see defi
29、nition in prEN 1304:1994, 4.4.17.1 3.12 delamination damage in the form of lamellar flaking which can lead to the body delamination in a succession of parallel layers 4 Test pieces If the tiles or fittings are sold with a surface coating, the tests shall be carried out on test pieces having this coa
30、ting. When the tiles or fittings are taken from a site or building, they shall be tested in the state in which they are found, but the test results shall take into account the stresses to which these installed products have been subjected since their initial state, when they shall conform to the spe
31、cifications of prEN 1304. 5 Test method A 5.1 Principle The sample of test pieces is immersed in water under vacuum at an absolute air pressure of 4 3 104Pa. It is next subjected to a fixed number of freeze/thaw cycles, after which the individual test pieces are examined for any possible damage caus
32、ed by frost. The freezing flow is unidirectional onto the visible surfaces of the tiles. After each freezing stage the test pieces are completely thawed out in water. The preliminary soaking and the freeze/thaw cycles are carried out following exact procedures. 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.1 Drying oven It sha
33、ll be adjustable to (1105) 8C. 5.2.2 Balance It shall be accurate to within 1 g. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 539-2:1998 BSI 1998 5.2.3 Programme controlled freezing unit Consisting of: an exposure chamber, therm
34、ally insulated and fitted with a grid. The exposure chamber shall be able to accommodate at least one sample; an air circulation system allowing an even air flow to be directed towards the lower part of the exposure chamber at a velocity of about 1,5 m/s in the section above the test pieces, so that
35、 the extraction of heat at the surface of the test pieces corresponds to: (30060) W/m2to (2153) 8C and: (10020) W/m2to (251) 8C a refrigeration unit, capable of reducing the air temperature in the operational system from (182) 8C to (2153) 8C in 1 h 45 min15 min; a thawing system, with provision for
36、 the supply of water to and the removal of water from the exposure chamber, as well as an overflow system and a mechanism for reheating the thawed water to (182) 8C. This unit shall be capable of being filled with and emptied of water in a period of less than 15 min; a control and measuring unit, ca
37、pable of controlling and checking the successive freeze/thaw cycles according to the appropriate programme. Temperature measurements shall be accurate to within 0,5 8C. The measurement is carried out at a distance of 25 mm from the middle of the test piece in the middle of the exposure chamber. The
38、temperature of the test piece is measured at the centre of the filler gravel directly beneath the test piece. 5.2.4 Miscellaneous The following are also necessary for carrying out this test: material allowing for the construction of a test assembly (see Figure 1) made up of two test pieces arranged
39、back to back at a distance of about 50 mm, as well as a filler material which will allow for the unidirectional freezing of the test pieces and a damp atmosphere around their under surfaces (e.g. gravel with a particle size of 2 mm to 4 mm); absorbent cloths, waterproof ink, potable water. 5.3 Sampl
40、ing 5.3.1 Laboratory sample The laboratory sample shall be selected at random from the production or consignment concerned and shall consist of eight whole and undamaged clay roofing test pieces. The sample test pieces shall conform to the requirements concerning structural characteristics laid down
41、 in prEN 1304. 5.3.2 Test sample The test sample consists of six out of the eight test pieces referred to above. After the soaking operation as described in 5.4.3, the three test pieces displaying the highest water absorption are selected, as well as three other test pieces chosen at random. These t
42、est pieces shall be marked with waterproof ink. The remaining two test pieces are kept as a reference to use when compiling the test results. 5.4 Preliminary treatment 5.4.1 Drying of the sample Dry the test pieces at (1105) 8C for 48 h. Weigh each test piece in its dry state to an accuracy of one g
43、ram to determine its dry mass (Md) after cooling in the ambient air of the laboratory. 5.4.2 Visual inspection of the sample Examine the dry test pieces with the naked eye and in normal daylight for possible imperfections. Mark each imperfection with waterproof ink. 5.4.3 Soaking of the test pieces
44、Immerse the sample in water following the soaking procedure specified in annex A. After the soaking operation, remove each test piece from the water tank, wipe off the surface water with an absorbent cloth and weigh it to the nearest gram to determine its wet mass (Ms). Calculate the water content (
45、Ws) in % of the dry mass using the following equation: Ws= (Ms2 Md)/Md in percentage 5.5 Procedure 5.5.1 Positioning of the test pieces Arrange the test pieces in pairs using elastic bands or equivalent material to constitute an assembly as shown in Figure 1, so that the test pieces are positioned b
46、ack to back with a gap of approximately 50 mm between the closest points filled with gravel (2 mm to 4 mm particle size). Place a temperature sensor behind the test piece with the highest water content; this is simply to check the temperature. Place the test assemblies vertically on the grid in the
47、exposure chamber of the freeze/thaw simulator with a gap between them of at least 50 mm. If necessary, fix the test assemblies to the grid to improve their stability in the submerged situation. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 06 09:46:20 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
48、 Page 5 EN 539-2:1998 BSI 1998 1) This last specification concerns only test pieces with one or several nibs before testing. 1Gravel 2Slab of extruded foam with closed pores 3Elastic band Figure 1 Example of assembly with two tiles 5.5.2 Freeze/thaw programme Submit the test sample to 24 freeze/thaw
49、 cycles, consisting of 12 cycles with an air temperature of (2151) 8C in the freezing stage, followed by 12 cycles with an air temperature of (250,5) 8C in the freezing stage. Immerse the test pieces in water at (153) 8C during the thawing stage. Each freezing stage shall last for 8 h6 min and each thawing phase for 4 h6 min. The freezing stage of 8 h6 min includes the time necessary for lowering the temperature to and maintaining it at (2153) 8C. The thawing stage of 4 h6 min includes the time n
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