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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 14040:1997 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework The European Standard EN ISO 14040:1997 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.020 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c)
2、 BSI BS EN ISO 14040:1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Management Systems Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 September 1997 BSI 02-1999 ISBN 0 580 28071 3 National foreword This British Standard
3、 is the English language version of EN ISO 14040:1997. It is identical with ISO 14040:1997. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ES/5, Environmental management Life cycle assessment, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; presen
4、t to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
5、obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these in
6、ternational or European publications may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary prov
7、isions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN ISO titl
8、e page, page 2, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publ
9、ication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN ISO 14040:1997 BSI 02-1999i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Foreword2 Forewordiii Text of EN ISO 140401 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffield
10、un, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 14040 June 1997 ICS 13.020 Descriptors: See ISO document
11、 English version Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework (ISO 14040:1997) Management environmental Analyse du cycle de vie Principes et cadre (ISO 14040:1997) Umwel tmanagement Produkt-kobilanz Prinzipien und allgemeine Anforderungen (ISO 14040:1997) This European Sta
12、ndard was approved by CEN on 1997-06-29. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning suc
13、h national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language a
14、nd notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switze
15、rland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1997 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Re
16、f. No. EN ISO 14040:1997 E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 14040:1997 BSI 02-1999 2 Foreword The text of the International Standard ISO 14040:1997 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207 “Environmental mana
17、gement” in collaboration with CEN/CS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 1997, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 1997. According
18、 to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sp
19、ain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard ISO 14040:1997 was approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Li
20、censed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 14040:1997 ii BSI 02-1999 Contents Page Forewordiii Introduction1 1Scope2 2Normative reference2 3Definitions2 4General description of LCA3 5Methodological framework4 6Reporting7 7Critical
21、review7 Annex A (informative) BibliographyInside back cover Figure 1 Phases of an LCA4 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 14040:1997 BSI 02-1999iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a wo
22、rldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented o
23、n that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopt
24、ed by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 14040 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, S
25、ubcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. Descriptors: Environments, environmental protection, management, environmental management, estimation, life cycle, generalities. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GM
26、T+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 14040:1997 BSI 02-19991 Introduction The heightened awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts as
27、sociated with products1) manufactured and consumed, has increased the interest in the development of methods to better comprehend and reduce these impacts. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This International Standard describes the principles and
28、framework for conducting and reporting LCA studies, and includes certain minimal requirements. LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, by compiling an inventory2) of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system; evaluating the po
29、tential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs; interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study. LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout a products life (i.e. cradle-to-g
30、rave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal. The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological consequences. LCA can assist in identifying opportunities to improve the environmental aspects of product
31、s at various points in their life cycle; decision-making in industry, governmental or non-governmental organizations (e.g. strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign); selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques; an
32、d marketing (e.g. an environmental claim, ecolabelling scheme or environmental product declaration). This International Standard recognizes that LCA is still at an early stage of development. Some phases of the LCA technique, such as impact assessment, are still in relative infancy. Considerable wor
33、k remains to be done and practical experience gained in order to further develop the level of LCA practice. Therefore, it is important that the results of LCA be interpreted and applied appropriately. If LCA is to be successful in supporting environmental understanding of products, it is essential t
34、hat LCA maintains its technical credibility while providing flexibility, practicality and cost effectiveness of application. This is particularly true if LCA is to be applied within small-and medium-sized enterprises. The scope, boundaries and level of detail of an LCA study depend on the subject an
35、d intended use of the study. The depth and breadth of LCA studies may differ considerably depending on the goal of a particular LCA study. However, in all cases, the principles and framework established in this International Standard should be followed. LCA is one of several environmental management
36、 techniques (e.g. risk assessment, environmental performance evaluation, environmental auditing, and environmental impact assessment) and may not be the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a product. Because all techni
37、ques have limitations, it is important to understand those that are present in LCA. The limitations include the following. The nature of choices and assumptions made in LCA (e.g. system boundary setting, selection of data sources and impact categories) may be subjective. Models used for inventory an
38、alysis or to assess environmental impacts are limited by their assumptions, and may not be available for all potential impacts or applications. Results of LCA studies focused on global and regional issues may not be appropriate for local applications, i.e. local conditions might not be adequately re
39、presented by regional or global conditions. The accuracy of LCA studies may be limited by accessibility or availability of relevant data, or by data quality, e.g. gaps, types of data, aggregation, average, site-specific. 1) In this International Standard, the term “product” used alone not only inclu
40、des product systems but can also include service systems. 2) An inventory may include environmental aspects which are not directly related to the inputs and outputs of the system. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:47:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 14040:
41、1997 2 BSI 02-1999 The lack of spatial and temporal dimensions in the inventory data used for impact assessment introduces uncertainty in impact results. This uncertainty varies with the spatial and temporal characteristics of each impact category. Generally, the information developed in an LCA stud
42、y should be used as part of a much more comprehensive decision process or used to understand the broad or general trade-offs. Comparing results of different LCA studies is only possible if the assumptions and context of each study are the same. These assumptions should also be explicitly stated for
43、reasons of transparency. This International Standard provides principles and framework and provides some methodological requirements for conducting LCA studies. Additional details regarding methods are provided in the complementary International Standards ISO 14041, ISO 14042 and ISO 14043 concernin
44、g the various phases of LCA. This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to be used to create non- tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organizations legal obligations. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the general framework, principles a
45、nd requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies. This International Standard does not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail. 2 Normative reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of th
46、is International Standard. At the time of the publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicate
47、d below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 14041, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory analysis3). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definit
48、ions apply. 3.1 allocation partitioning the input or output flows of a unit process to the product system under study 3.2 comparative assertion environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product which performs the same function 3.3 elementary flow
49、1) material or energy entering the system being studied, which has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation 2) material or energy leaving the system being studied, which is discarded into the environment without subsequent human transformation 3.4 environmental aspect element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the environment 3.5 functional unit quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit in a life cycle assessment stu
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