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1、BS ISO 4993:2009 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.80 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARD Steel and iron castings Radiographic inspection Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard was publi
2、shed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2009 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 56249 5 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments BS ISO 4993:2009 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 4993:2009. The UK participatio
3、n in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/6, Steel castings. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its c
4、orrect application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 Reference number ISO 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4993 Second edition
5、2009-03-15 Steel and iron castings Radiographic inspection Pices moules en acier ou en fonte Contrle radiographique Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces
6、. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing
7、 Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized
8、 for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2009 All rights reserved. Unless
9、 otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO cop
10、yright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reserved Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 IS
11、O 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Basis of purchase. 2 4 Terms and definitions. 2 5 General. 2 5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation 2 5.2 General requirements. 2 6 Examination parameters 2 7 Personnel
12、 qualifications 3 8 Examination arrangements 3 9 Film position plan. 3 9.1 Film position plan for pilot radiography. 3 9.2 Film position plan for production radiography . 4 10 Rejection/Acceptance criteria . 4 11 Foundry responsibility. 4 12 Records 4 Annex A (normative) Examination arrangements. 5
13、Annex B (informative) Techniques for increasing the covered thickness range 12 Annex C (informative) Choice of radiation source 15 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reserved Foreword ISO
14、 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical com
15、mittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrot
16、echnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the mem
17、ber bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identify
18、ing any or all such patent rights. ISO 4993 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 11, Steel castings. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4993:1987), which has been technically revised. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/20
19、09 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved v Introduction Radiography can be used to detect internal discontinuities in castings. The discontinuities can have higher or lower densities than the parent metal. Licensed CopyChinese University of
20、Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1 Steel and iron castings Radiographic inspection
21、1 Scope This International Standard specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays, in accordance with procedures given in ISO 5579 and ISO 19232 (all parts). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensab
22、le for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing Radiographic examination of metallic materials by X- and gamma-ra
23、ys Basic rules ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type) Determination of image quality value ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 2: Image quality indicators (step/hole type) Determination of imag
24、e quality value ISO 19232-3, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 3: Image quality classes for ferrous metals ISO 19232-4, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables ISO 19232-5, Non-destr
25、uctive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 5: Image quality indicators (duplex wire type) Determination of image unsharpness value ASTM E186, Standard reference radiographs for heavy-walled (2 to 4 1/2 in. 51 to 114 mm) steel castings ASTM E192, Standard reference radiographs for investment st
26、eel castings of aerospace applications ASTM E280, Standard reference radiographs for heavy-walled (4 1/2 to 12 in. 114 to 305 mm) steel castings ASTM E446, Standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) in thickness ASTM E689, Standard reference radiographs for ductile iron ca
27、stings ASTM E802, Standard reference radiographs for gray iron castings up to 4 1/2 in. (114 mm) in Thickness Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3 Basis of purchase The request fo
28、r radiographic examination and all pertinent information relating thereto, such as sensitivity, coverage and acceptance criteria, shall be indicated in the enquiry and order. Unless otherwise specified in the enquiry and order, the radiographic coverage may be of two types, i.e. pilot or regular pro
29、duction inspection. For both types, the manufacturing plan shall show the area to be examined and the frequency of examination, and shall be subject to agreement between the supplier and purchaser. If requirements are imposed for which there is not an accepted ISO or other standard available, a deta
30、iled specification of such requirements shall be provided. Castings with a complex geometry can include areas which cannot be radiographically inspected or can only be partly inspected. Such areas shall be identified before starting the radiographic examination. Areas which cannot be radiographicall
31、y inspected shall be noted by all contracting parties and be marked on the film position plan. 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5579 apply. 5 General 5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation Local, national or internatio
32、nal safety precautions shall be applied when using ionizing radiation. WARNING Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly injurious to health. 5.2 General requirements This International Standard shall be used in combination with ISO 5579. 6 Examination parameters U
33、nless otherwise requested in the enquiry and order, the radiographic examination may be performed at any point in the manufacturing cycle, before or after the final heat-treatment. The surface shall be conditioned, if necessary, so that surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with disconti
34、nuities. Any type of penetrameter or image quality indicator may be used, provided that the sensitivity level indicated by the purchaser is achieved. The following items shall be agreed between contracting parties: a) manufacturing stage; b) extent of examination; c) examination areas; d) surface co
35、ndition; Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3 e) test class according to ISO 5579 (it is recommended that the examination be performed in accordance with ISO 5579); f) information a
36、bout the film position plan; g) marking of examination areas on the casting; h) image quality value, in accordance with ISO 19232 (all parts); i) marking of the films; j) acceptance criteria. Any additional items shall be agreed between the contracting parties. Radiographs shall be evaluated by comp
37、arison to reference radiographs. 7 Personnel qualifications Operations shall be carried out by qualified personnel. The system of qualification shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier (foundry), and shall form a part of the technical specification or be stated in the enquiry. 8 Exami
38、nation arrangements The examination arrangements shall be in accordance with Annex A. 9 Film position plan 9.1 Film position plan for pilot radiography When requested in the order or enquiry, preliminary shooting sketches shall be prepared by the supplier for submission with the radiographs of the p
39、ilot casting for approval by the customer. These sketches shall show the area of the part to be examined, and shall include the following information for each exposure: a) gamma source or kilovoltage used; b) location of radiation source in relation to the area covered, and the film; c) physical siz
40、e of the source; d) area covered by the film; e) placement of the film and location markers; f) film-to-source distance; g) placement of the image quality indicators or penetrameters and the image quality value; h) section thickness; i) number and types of films used; j) film identification; License
41、d CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) 4 ISO 2009 All rights reserved k) thickness and type of intensifying screens; l) value of density required; m) geometrical unsharpness; n) conditions of development of films. 9.2 Fil
42、m position plan for production radiography The preliminary film position plan may, by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser, be adjusted at the time of the examination of the first casting sample. Subsequent production castings shall be examined in accordance with the finalized sho
43、oting sketches, which shall include the information listed in 9.1. Any new criteria established for the radiography of the production castings, such as changes in the percentage of coverage for the part or changes in the acceptance standards, shall be stated. 10 Rejection/Acceptance criteria The rej
44、ection/acceptance criteria shall be specified in the purchase order and shall be based on ASTM E446, E186, E280, E192, E689 and E802, wherever applicable. 11 Foundry responsibility Unless otherwise specified at the time of the enquiry or order, the responsibility of the supplier (foundry) is limited
45、 to the attainment of the criteria specified in the order, in all castings or portions of castings specifically calling for radiographic examination. Castings or portions of castings not required to be radiographically examined by the foundry shall not be subject to rejection based upon results of a
46、ny subsequent radiographic examination. Also, castings shall not be subject to rejection based upon radiographic re-examination subsequent to their acceptance on the basic of the original radiography, if such examination is carried out by techniques other than those agreed upon at the time of the en
47、quiry and order, and/or in a manner different from that described in the finalized shooting sketch (9.2). 12 Records Unless otherwise agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser, records of radiographic inspection shall be kept by the supplier for a period of at least 5 years. Licensed CopyChines
48、e University of Hong Kong, 13/06/2009 08:38, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 4993:2009 ISO 4993:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 5 Annex A (normative) Examination arrangements A.1 General The examination arrangements to be used shall be in accordance with: Figures A.1 to A.6 for test areas of
49、simple section; Figure A.7 for double-wall radiography; Figures A.8 to A.12 for test areas of complex section. If these arrangements are not applicable, other arrangements may be used. A.2 Single-wall radiography of plane areas The examination arrangement for single wall radiography of plane areas shall be in accordance with Figure A.1. A.3 Single-wall radiography of curved areas The test arrangement for single-wall radiography of curved areas shall be in accordance with either Figure A.2, Fig
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