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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 2469:2007 Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse radiance factor ICS 85.040; 85.060 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2469:2007 This British Standard was pu
2、blished under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 54136 0 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 2469:2007. It supersedes BS 4432-1:1995 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was
3、 entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for
4、its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) B
5、SI Reference number ISO 2469:2007(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2469 Fourth edition 2007-06-15 Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse radiance factor Papier, carton et ptes Mesurage du facteur de luminance nergtique diffuse BS ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London
6、South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative refe
7、rences. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Principle. 3 5 Apparatus 3 6 Photometric calibration of the instrument and its working standards . 4 7 Sampling 5 8 Preparation of the test pieces . 5 9 Procedure 5 10 Calculation and expression of results 6 11 Precision 6 12 Test report . 6 Annex A (normative)
8、 Instruments for the measurement of radiance factor 8 Annex B (normative) Calibration service Photometric calibration. 11 Annex C (normative) Calibration service UV-adjustment 13 Annex D (informative) Measurement uncertainty . 15 Annex E (informative) Radiance and reflectance 18 Bibliography. 19 BS
9、ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The
10、 work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-gove
11、rnmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. T
12、he main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vot
13、e. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 2469 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps. This fourth edition
14、 of ISO 2469 cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2469:1994) and ISO 2469:1994/Cor.1:1998, which have been technically revised. Primarily, certain instrumental features and computational routines are more rigorously defined in order to meet the requirements of technological advances and in or
15、der to ensure a high precision and reproducibility in the measurement results. In addition, the property mentioned in the title has been changed from “diffuse reflectance factor” to “diffuse radiance factor” as an acknowledgement of the fact that many grades of paper now contain added fluorescent wh
16、itening agents. For any given material, the total radiance factor is the sum of the reflected radiance factor and the luminescent radiance factor, and it is this total property which is the subject of this International Standard. For pulps and papers not containing any fluorescent component, the rad
17、iance factor and the reflectance factor are synonymous, see Annex E. BS ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI v Introduction The radiance factor depends on the conditions of measurement,
18、 particularly the spectral and geometric characteristics of the instrument used. The diffuse radiance factor as defined by this International Standard is determined using instruments having the characteristics given in Annex A and calibrated according to the procedure specified in Annex B. The radia
19、nce factor is the sum of the reflected radiance factor and the luminescent radiance factors, and the radiance factor of a luminescent (fluorescent) object is dependent on the spectral power distribution of the illumination. The content of UV radiation in the illumination must therefore be set to a s
20、pecified level if adequately accurate measurements are to be carried out on fluorescent objects. The preparation of fluorescent reference standards to enable this adjustment to be made is described in Annex C. The use of these fluorescent reference standards is described in detail in the Internation
21、al Standards describing the measurement of the properties of the materials containing fluorescent whitening agents. The spectral radiance factor or the weighted radiance factor applicable to one or several specified wavelength bands is often used to characterize the properties of pulp, paper and boa
22、rd. Examples of radiance factors associated with specified wavelength bands are the ISO brightness (diffuse blue radiance factor) and the luminance factor. The radiance factor or reflectance factor is also used as the basis for calculating optical properties, such as opacity, colour, whiteness and t
23、he Kubelka-Munk scattering and absorption coefficients. These various properties are specified in specific International Standards, for all of which this International Standard is the primary normative reference. BS ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Univers
24、ity, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI blank Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse radiance factor 1 Scope This Internation
25、al Standard describes the general procedure for measuring the diffuse radiance factor of all types of pulp, paper and board. More particularly, it specifies in detail in Annex A the characteristics of the equipment to be used for such measurements, and in Annex B the procedures to be used for calibr
26、ating that equipment. This International Standard may be used to measure the radiance factors and related properties of materials containing fluorescent whitening agents, provided that the UV radiation content in the illumination has been adjusted to the level specified in the specific International
27、 Standard describing the measurement of the property in question. This International Standard describes in Annex C the preparation of fluorescent reference standards, although the procedures for using these standards are not included, since their use is described in detail in the specific Internatio
28、nal Standards describing the measurement of the properties of materials containing fluorescent whitening agents. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated referen
29、ces, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 186, Paper and board Sampling to determine average quality ISO 4094, Paper, board and pulps International calibration of testing apparatus Nomination and acceptance of standardizing and authorized laboratories
30、 ASTM E308-06, Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 radiance factor ratio of the radiance of a surface element of a body in the direction delimited by a
31、given cone with its apex at the surface element to that of the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of illumination NOTE For luminescent (fluorescent) materials, the total radiance factor, , is the sum of two portions, the reflected radiance factor, S, and the luminescent radiance f
32、actor, L, so that: = S + L For non-fluorescent materials, the reflected radiance factor, S, is numerically equal to the reflectance factor, R. BS ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2
33、3.2 diffuse radiance factor R ratio of the radiation reflected and emitted from a body to that reflected from the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of diffuse illumination and normal detection NOTE 1 The ratio is often expressed as a percentage. NOTE 2 This International Standard
34、 prescribes diffuse illumination and normal detection in an instrument constructed and calibrated in accordance with the provisions of this standard. 3.3 intrinsic radiance factor R diffuse radiance factor of a layer or pad of material thick enough to be opaque, i.e., such that increasing the thickn
35、ess of the pad by doubling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured radiance factor NOTE The radiance factor of a single non-opaque sheet is dependent on the background and is not a material property. 3.4 reflectance factor ratio of the radiation reflected by a surface element of a
36、body in the direction delimited by a given cone with its apex at the surface element to that reflected by the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of illumination NOTE 1 The ratio is often expressed as a percentage. NOTE 2 This term may be used only when it is known that the test ma
37、terial exhibits no luminescence (fluorescence). 3.5 diffuse reflectance factor R ratio of the reflection from a body to that from the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of diffuse illumination and normal detection NOTE 1 The ratio is often expressed as a percentage. NOTE 2 This In
38、ternational Standard specifies diffuse illumination and normal detection in an instrument constructed and calibrated in accordance with the provisions of this standard. 3.6 intrinsic reflectance factor R diffuse reflectance factor of a layer or pad of material thick enough to be opaque, i.e., such t
39、hat increasing the thickness of the pad by doubling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured reflectance factor NOTE The reflectance factor of a single non-opaque sheet is dependent on the background and is not a material property. 3.7 ISO reference standard of level 1 IR1 the perfe
40、ct reflecting diffuser (see CIE publication 17.4, No 845.04.54); an ideal spectrally uniform isotropic Lambertian diffuser with a reflectance equal to 1 at all wavelengths NOTE Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the incident radiation, see Annex E. BS ISO 2469:2007 Licensed Copy
41、: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sat Aug 18 09:52:02 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 3.8 ISO reference standard of level 2 IR2 standard whose radiance factors have been determined by a standardizing laboratory in relation to the IR1 as defined by ISO 4094 NO
42、TE This International Standard refers to two types of IR2. A non-fluorescent IR2 whose spectral reflectance factors have been determined by a standardizing laboratory in relation to the IR1. A non-fluorescent IR2 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of an authorized laboratorys reference instr
43、ument. A fluorescent IR2 whose spectral radiance factors corresponding to a specified CIE illuminant have been determined by a standardizing laboratory. A fluorescent IR2 standard is used to adjust the UV level of an authorized laboratorys reference instrument. 3.9 ISO reference standard of level 3
44、IR3 standard whose radiance factors have been determined by an authorized laboratory in relation to an IR2, as defined by ISO 4094 NOTE This International Standard refers to two types of IR3. A non-fluorescent IR3 whose spectral reflectance factors have been determined by an authorized laboratory in
45、 relation to the IR2. A non-fluorescent IR3 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of a testing laboratorys reference instrument. A fluorescent IR3 whose calibration values have been determined an authorized laboratory in relation to the IR2. A testing laboratory uses a fluorescent IR3 to adjust
46、 the relative amount of UV radiation incident on the sample to a specified level. 4 Principle A test piece is irradiated diffusely in a standard instrument and the light reflected (and emitted as a result of fluorescence) in a direction normal to the surface is passed to a detection system. This det
47、ection system may consist either of a defined optical filter and photodetector or of an array of photodetectors where each detector responds to a specific effective wavelength. The desired radiance factors are determined directly from the output from the photodetector in the former case or by calcul
48、ation from the detector array outputs using appropriate weighting functions in the latter case. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Reflectometer, having the geometric, spectral and photometric characteristics described in Annex A. 5.2 Reference standards for calibration of the instrument and the working standards, a n
49、on-fluorescent reference standard for photometric calibration of the instrument and its working standards, issued by an ISO/TC 6 authorized laboratory and fulfilling the requirements for an ISO reference standard of level 3 (see 3.9) as specified in Annex B. Use reference standards sufficiently frequently to ensure satisfactory calibration. NOTE If fluorescent materials are to be measured, a fluorescent reference standard issued by an ISO/TC 6 authorized laboratory is required to ena
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