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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11475:1999 ICS 85.
2、060 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Paper and board Determination of CIE whiteness, D65/10 (outdoor daylight) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared
3、under the direction of the Materials and Chemicals Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 December 1999 BSI 12-1999 ISBN 0 580 35864 X BS ISO 11475:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments National foreword This
4、 British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 11475:1999 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/11, Test methods for paper, board and pulps, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; pre
5、sent to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can
6、be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Fin
7、d facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal
8、obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, page ii, pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun s
9、heffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI A Reference number ISO 11475:1999(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11475 First edition 1999-03-01 Paper and board Determination of CIE whiteness, D65/10 (outdoor daylight) Papier et carton Determination du degr de blanc CIE,
10、 D65/10 (lumire du jour extrieure) Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11475:1999(E) ii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodi
11、es). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
12、non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodi
13、es for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 11475 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps. It is based on the CIE whiteness formula, published in CIE Publicatio
14、n 15.2-1986, Colorimetry. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this International Standard. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11475:1999(E) 1 Paper and board Determination of CIE whiteness, D65/10
15、 (outdoor daylight) 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the procedure to be used for determining the whiteness of papers and boards. The values obtained correspond to the visual appearance of white papers and boards with or without fluorescent whitening agents when they are viewed under th
16、e CIE D65 daylight illuminant. It is based on reflectance data obtained over the full visible spectral range (VIS) in contrast to the measurement of ISO brightness which is limited to the blue region of VIS. In addition, it specifies a method for adjustment of the UV-content to correspond to the D65
17、 daylight illuminant 8 9, insofar as results obtained when fluorescent whitening agents are present are dependent upon the UV-content of the radiation falling upon the sample. It is specific for the measurement of fluorescence in the blue region of the spectrum. This method is not applicable to colo
18、ured papers containing fluorescent dyes. This International Standard should be read in conjunction with ISO 2469. NOTE A related standard, ISO 11476 4, specifying the procedure for obtaining values corresponding to the appearance of these products under indoor illumination is being prepared. 2 Norma
19、tive reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Internati
20、onal Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 2469:1994, Paper, board and pulps Measurements of diffuse reflectance factor. 3 D
21、efinitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 reflectance factor R ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the radiation reflected by a body to that reflected by the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions 3.2 intrinsic reflectance factor
22、 reflectivity R reflectance factor of a layer or pad of the material thick enough to be opaque, i.e. such that increasing the thickness of the pad by doubling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured reflectance factor Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57
23、GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11475:1999(E) 2 3.3 radiance factor ratio of the radiance of a body to that of the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of illumination and viewing NOTE For fluorescent (luminescent) materials, the total radiance factor, , is the sum of
24、 two portions, the reflected radiance factor, S, and the luminescent radiance factor, L, so that = S + L For non-fluorescent materials, the reflected radiance factor, S, is simply the reflectance factor, R. 3.4 CIE whiteness W10 measure of whiteness derived from the CIE tristimulus values determined
25、 under the conditions specified in this International Standard and expressed as whiteness units 3.5 green/red tint TW.10 measure of the deviation from whiteness of the test material towards the green or red region, and expressed as tint units NOTE A positive value of TW.10 indicates a greenish tint
26、and a negative value indicates a reddish tint. 3.6 fluorescence component F10 measure of the extent to which the whiteness of the material is affected by excitation of the added fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) under the conditions specified in this International Standard NOTE The suffix 10 is used
27、 to indicate that the value refers to the CIE 1964 (10) observer. 4 Principle The diffuse reflectivity of the material is determined under standardized conditions after adjustment of the instrument so that the relative UV-content of the illumination corresponds to that of the CIE standard D65 illumi
28、nant, and the CIE whiteness and tint are calculated. The fluorescence component of the whiteness is calculated from the difference between this reflectivity value and the value obtained when the fluorescence emission from the material is eliminated, for instance by the introduction into the light be
29、ams of a sharp cut-off UV-absorbing filter. 5 Apparatus and equipment 5.1 Reflectometer or spectrophotometer, having the geometric, spectral and photometric characteristics described in ISO 2469:1994, annex A, calibrated in accordance with the provisions of ISO 2469:1994, annex B, and equipped with
30、a radiation source having an adequate UV-content and a means of adjusting the relative UV-content so that the measured CIE whiteness value agrees with that corresponding to the D65 illuminant 6. For the measurement of reflectance factors with the fluorescence effect eliminated, the instrument shall
31、be equipped with a sharp cut-off, UV-absorbing filter having a transmittance not exceeding 5,0 % at and below a wavelength of 410 nm and not exceeding 50 % at a wavelength of 420 nm. The cut-off filter shall have characteristics such that a reliable reflectance value is obtained at 420 nm. The refle
32、ctance value obtained at 420 nm shall then be considered for computational purposes to be the value which applies at all lower wavelengths, at which it is not possible to make any measurement. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
33、ISO 11475:1999(E) 3 For the measurement of fluorescent papers, photometric linearity up to a scale reading of at least 200 % is necessary in the wavelength region corresponding to the fluorescent emission. 5.1.1 In the case of a filter reflectometer, pairs of filters giving the photoelectric detecto
34、rs of the reflectometer responses equivalent to the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z of the test piece, evaluated for the CIE standard illuminant D65 and CIE 1964 (10) observer 7. 5.1.2 In the case of an abridged spectrophotometer, a means of calculating the weighted means according to the requirement
35、s of the CIE illuminant D65 and CIE 1964 (10) observer using the weighting functions given in annex A 10. 5.2 Working standards 5.2.1 Two plates of flat opal glass or ceramic material, cleaned as described in ISO 2469. 5.2.2 A stable plastic or other tablet incorporating a fluorescent whitening agen
36、t. 5.3 Reference standards for calibration of the instrument and working standards 5.3.1 Non-fluorescent reference standard for calibration, fulfilling the requirements for ISO reference standards of level 3 as prescribed in ISO 2469:1994. 5.3.2 Fluorescent reference standard for use in adjusting th
37、e UV-content of the radiation incident upon the sample, having whiteness values and other relevant data as specified in annex B and fulfilling the requirements for ISO reference standards of level 3. Use new reference standards sufficiently frequently to ensure satisfactory calibration and UV-adjust
38、ment. 5.4 Black cavity, having a reflectance factor which does not differ from its nominal value by more than 0,2 % at all wavelengths. The black cavity shall be stored upside down in a dust-free environment or with a protective cover. NOTE The condition of the black cavity should be checked by refe
39、rence to the instrument maker. 6 Calibration 6.1 Using the values assigned to the non-fluorescent reference standard (5.3.1), calibrate the instrument with the UV-cut-off filters removed from the radiation beams. The setting of the UV-adjustment filter is not important at this stage. 6.2 Using the a
40、ppropriate measurement procedure, measure the radiance factors of the fluorescent reference standard (5.3.2); calculate the whiteness value (10.1) and compare the value obtained with that assigned to the fluorescent reference standard. A measured whiteness value higher than the assigned value indica
41、tes that the relative UV-content is too high and vice versa. 6.3 Using the UV-adjustment filter or other adjustment device, adjust the UV-content of the illumination until measurement gives the correct whiteness value. NOTE If the UV-content is too low it may be necessary to replace the UV-adjustmen
42、t filter with a filter which raises rather than lowers the relative UV-content. 6.4 Repeat the calibration as described in 6.1 using the non-fluorescent reference standard (5.3.1) with the UV-adjustment filter in the position which gave the correct whiteness value. Repeat the measurement of the whit
43、eness of the fluorescent reference standard (5.3.2) as described in 6.2. If the whiteness value obtained does not agree with the assigned value, adjust the position of the UV-adjustment filter until measurement gives the correct whiteness value as described in 6.3. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffie
44、ldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11475:1999(E) 4 6.5 Repeat 6.4 until the correct value for the whiteness of the fluorescent reference standard is obtained with the instrument correctly calibrated to the non-fluorescent reference standard. The UV-content i
45、s now correctly adjusted with respect to whiteness to a relative UV-content equivalent to the D65 illuminant. Record the setting of the UV- adjustment. NOTE 1 This setting is equivalent to the D65 illuminant and CIE 1964 (10) observer with respect to whiteness. Variations in the green/red tint value
46、 may still arise and it cannot be assumed that the tristimulus values and other parameters will also be exactly those applicable to the D65 illuminant. NOTE 2 In some instruments, the procedure indicated in sections 6.2 to 6.5 is performed automatically. 6.6 Calibrate the fluorescent tablet (5.2.2)
47、as working standard. This working standard shall only be used in the specific instrument in which it is calibrated and shall only be used to monitor changes in the lamps. It shall be recalibrated against a fluorescent reference standard of level 3 (5.3.2) if the lamps are changed. 6.7 Calibrate the
48、opal glass or ceramic plates (5.2.1) as working standards as described in ISO 2469. 6.8 After adjustment of the UV-content as in 6.1 to 6.5, insert the UV-cut-off filter and calibrate the instrument in this position with the UV-adjustment unchanged. 7 Sampling Sampling is not included in this standa
49、rd. If the mean quality of a lot is to be determined, sampling shall be according to ISO 186 1. Otherwise, the method of sampling should be reported and care should be taken to ensure that the test pieces are representative of the sample available. 8 Preparation of test pieces Avoiding watermarks, dirt and obvious defects, cut rectangular test pieces approximately 75 mm 150 mm. Assemble at least ten of the test pieces in a pad with their top sides uppermost; the number should be such that doubling the
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