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1、 BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 6073:1997 Petroleum products Prediction of the bulk moduli of petroleum fluids used in hydraulic fluid power systems ICS 75.120 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 This British Standard,
2、having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 December 1998 BSI 05-1999 ISBN 0 580 30861 8 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 6073:199
3、7 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/13, Petroleum testing and terminology, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee
4、any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references
5、 The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
6、 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises
7、 a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO title page, page ii, pages 1 to 8 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued
8、since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 BSI 05-1999i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2Normative references1 3Principle1 4Definitions1 5Symbo
9、ls and units1 6Determinations2 7Predictions2 8Expression of results3 9Precision3 10Test report3 Annex A (informative) Example calculations7 Annex B (informative) BibliographyInside back cover Figure 1 Secant bulk modulus at 150 MPa gauge pressure versus temperature and density for petroleum oils4 Fi
10、gure 2 Secant bulk modulus versus pressure for petroleum oils5 Figure 3 Relation between isothermal secant and isothermal tangent bulk moduli for petroleum oils6 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffie
11、ldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 ii BSI 05-1999 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a world
12、wide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on t
13、hat committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted
14、by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 6073 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products. This second
15、edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6073:1980), which has been technically revised. Annex A and Annex B of this International Standard are for information only. Descriptors: Petroleum products, hydraulic fluid power, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic fluids, mineral oils, hydrocarbon
16、s, compressibility, tests, determination, bulk modulus, rules of calculation. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 BSI 05-19991 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a procedure for predicting the bulk mod
17、uli of petroleum or hydrocarbon oils used as fluids (in the absence of air bubbles) in hydraulic fluid power systems and for other purposes. This International Standard provides graphical techniques to obtain moduli of such fluids without using extended calculations and with the accuracy that would
18、be required for the practical calculation of hydraulic system parameters. The useful temperature range is from 0 C to 270 C, with a pressure range of approximately 100 kPa to 700 MPa. Annex A gives some example calculations. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, th
19、rough reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of ap
20、plying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 91-1:1992, Petroleum measurement tables Part 1: Tables based on reference temperatures of 15 degrees C and 60 degrees F. ISO 3675:1993, Crude pe
21、troleum and liquid petroleum products Laboratory determination of density or relative density Hydrometer method. ISO 3838:1983, Crude petroleum and liquid or solid petroleum products Determination of density or relative density Capillary-stoppered pyknometer and graduated bicapillary pycnometer meth
22、ods. ISO 12185:1996, Crude petroleum and petroleum products Determination of density Oscillating U-tube method. 3 Principle A bulk modulus is selected according to the problem and conditions of operation, and the predicted value is obtained from the determination of density and reference to one or m
23、ore of the nomographic figures provided. 4 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 4.1 bulk modulus the measure of resistance to compressibility of a fluid taken as the reciprocal of the compressibility 4.2 isothermal bulk modulus Modulus data ba
24、sed on equilibrium conditions and constant temperature. 4.2.1 isothermal secant bulk modulus (BT) the bulk modulus, resulting from pressure change from atmospheric to the working pressure BT = V0(p p0)/(V0 V)T 4.2.2 isothermal tangent bulk modulus (KT) the bulk modulus, representing the true rate of
25、 change at the working pressure KT = V(p/V)T KT BT except at atmospheric pressure, where 4.3 isentropic bulk modulus The volumetric modulus of elasticity under conditions of constant entropy. It applies under conditions where pressure changes are rapid and there is no opportunity for the temperature
26、 to reach equilibrium. 4.3.1 isentropic secant bulk modulus (BS) defined as BS = V0(p p0)/(V0 V)S 4.3.2 isentropic tangent bulk modulus (KS) defined as KS = V(p/V)S 5 Symbols and units The following symbols are used in the text and figures of this International Standard. The units shown are those pr
27、eferred; if other units are used, the outcome of some multiples will be affected. K 0 T B 0 T = Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 2 BSI 05-1999 6 Determinations 6.1 Determine the density at 15 C in accordance w
28、ith ISO 3675, ISO 3838 or ISO 12185. 6.2 Determine the density at the required temperature in accordance with ISO 91-1. NOTEThe densities determined above are at atmospheric pressure. 7 Predictions 7.1 Isothermal secant bulk modulus 7.1.1 From Figure 1, read off the isothermal secant bulk modulus at
29、 a reference pressure of 150 MPa. 7.1.2 Transfer the figure obtained in 7.1.1 to the ordinate of Figure 2, and move horizontally until this value intersects with the 150 MPa line. A line drawn vertically from this point gives values of the isothermal secant bulk modulus at other pressures. Read off
30、the appropriate values on the ordinate. 7.2 Isothermal tangent bulk modulus 7.2.1 Calculate the relative isothermal secant bulk modulus at the desired pressure, BT/ and enter this value on the abscissa of Figure 3. NOTEThe inset curve is an enlarged scale for lower values. 7.2.2 Find the point of in
31、tersection of this value with the line, and read horizontally on the ordinate, the value of the relative isothermal tangent bulk modulus, KT/. 7.2.3 Calculate the isothermal tangent bulk modulus by multiplying the value obtained in 7.2.2 by . NOTEThe value determined in 7.2.3 is at the same pressure
32、 and temperature as that for which the value of BT was determined. 7.3 Isentropic tangent bulk modulus NOTEThe determination of isothermal bulk moduli only requires a knowledge of density and the temperature in question, since these are independent of chemical structure. For isentropic bulk moduli h
33、owever, which are considered to be essentially adiabatic, the chemical structure does have an effect. It is therefore necessary to obtain a figure for the specific heat capacity at constant pressure, cp, which is a function of density and chemical structure. 7.3.1 Determine, calculate or estimate th
34、e specific heat capacity at constant pressure, cp, assuming that it does not vary with pressure. 7.3.2 Calculate the rate of change of density with temperature in accordance with ISO 91-1 or using Figure 1. 7.3.3 Calculate the isentropic tangent bulk modulus using the following equation: 7.4 Density
35、 or volume under pressure 7.4.1 Determine the isothermal secant bulk modulus (BT) as in 7.1. SymbolDesignationUnit BS BT cp ks kT KS KT p p0 S T V V0 0 Isentropic secant bulk modulus Isothermal secant bulk modulus Isothermal secant bulk modulus at atmospheric pressure Specific heat capacity at const
36、ant pressure Adiabatic coefficient of compressibility Isothermal coefficient of compressibility Isentropic tangent bulk modulus Isothermal tangent bulk modulus Isothermal tangent bulk modulus at atmospheric pressure Gauge pressure Atmospheric pressure Entropy Temperature Volume Volume at atmospheric
37、 pressure and temperature Temperature Density at a given pressure Density at atmospheric pressure MPa MPa MPa J/(kgK) MPa 1 MPa 1 MPa MPa MPa KPa or MPa KPa J/K K m3 m3 C kg/m3 kg/m3 B0 T K 0 T B0 T B0 T B0 T Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolle
38、d Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 BSI 05-19993 7.4.2 Obtain the value of density at atmospheric pressure and the temperature used for the bulk modulus calculations. 7.4.3 Calculate density or volume in terms of the ratios (0/) or (V/V0) where: (0/) = (V/V0) = 1 (p/BT) 7.4.4 Use volumes as the recipro
39、cal of density (V = 1/) to calculate the volume under pressure. 8 Expression of results Report the predictions of bulk moduli to the nearest 100 kPa or 0,1 MPa. 9 Precision The precision of this International Standard has not been determined according to ISO 4259 since the formulae have been derived
40、 by regression analysis of several hundred refined experimental data points on a wide variety of petroleum fluids and pure hydrocarbons. Precision will depend to some extent on the precision of the density method chosen (see 6.1) and the accuracy and interpretation of the figures. An estimate of acc
41、uracy of prediction has been made using a matrix of 200 data points, on 10 fluids over the temperature range of approximately 40 C to approximately 200 C, and a pressure range of atmosphere up to 690 MPa. The bulk moduli of these fluids under these conditions ranged from 900 MPa to 3 500 MPa. This m
42、atrix had an average error of 0,84 % and a standard deviation of 10,07 MPa. 10 Test report The test report shall contain at least the following information: a) a reference to this International Standard, i.e. ISO 6073:1997; b) the type and complete identification of the product tested; c) the result
43、s of the test (see clause 8); d) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the standard procedures specified; e) the date of the test. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 4 BSI 05-1999 NOTEDotted lines indic
44、ate areas of less well defined relationship Figure 1 Secant bulk modulus at 150 MPa gauge pressure versus temperature and density for petroleum oils Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 BSI 05-19995 Figure 2 Secan
45、t bulk modulus versus pressure for petroleum oils Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 6 BSI 05-1999 Figure 3 Relation between isothermal secant and isothermal tangent bulk moduli for petroleum oils Licensed Copy:
46、 sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 06:03:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 6073:1997 BSI 05-19997 Annex A (informative) Example calculations A.1 General For the following calculations, the fluid considered has a density of 864,1 kg/m3 at 15 C, and is operating under a pressu
47、re of 100 MPa at 65 C. Temperature equilibrium is assumed. A.2 Isothermal secant bulk modulus A.2.1 From ISO 91-1, the density at 65 C is 831,2 kg/m3. A.2.2 From Figure 1, the isothermal secant bulk modulus at 150 MPa pressure and 65 C is 2 040 MPa, as indicated on the ordinate scale. A.2.3 Locate 2
48、 040 MPa on the ordinate scale of Figure 2 and move horizontally to the point of intersection with the 150 MPa line, and then vertically down to the 100 MPa pressure line. This gives a value of BT at 100 MPa and 65 C of 1 815 MPa. A.2.4 Continue the vertical line in A.2.3 to intersect the zero press
49、ure (atmospheric) line at a modulus value of = 1 320 MPa. A.3 Isothermal tangent bulk modulus A.3.1 Calculate the relative isothermal secant bulk modulus, , from the values in A.2.3 and A.2.4 as 1 815/1 320 = 1,375. A.3.2 From Figure 3 (inset) read the relative isothermal tangent bulk modulus () from the curve as 1,705. A.3.3 Calculate the isothermal tangent bulk modulus as: KT = 1,705 1 320 MPa = 2 250 MPa A.4 Density under pressure Using the value from A.2.1 for density, calculate the
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