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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15556:1998 Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiation processing ICS 17.240 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared und
2、er the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 October 1999 BSI 04-2000 ISBN 0 580 32915 1 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15556:1998 and implements it as the UK national s
3、tandard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentation, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or prop
4、osals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement inter
5、national or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to incl
6、ude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages
7、 i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 18 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateCommen
8、ts Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 BSI 04-2000i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordiii Text of ISO 155561 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006
9、, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 ii BSI 04-2000 Contents Page F
10、orewordiii 1Scope1 2Referenced Documents1 3Terminology1 4Significance and Use2 5Dosimeter Classes and Applications3 6Criteria for Selection of Routine Dosimetry Systems4 7Analytical Instrument Performance5 8Dosimetry System Calibration5 9Interpretation of Absorbed Dose in a Product9 10Minimum Docume
11、ntation Requirements10 11Precision and Bias10 12Keywords10 Appendix X1 (nonmandatory information) Interpretation of absorbed dose11 Appendix X2 (nonmandatory information) Sources of uncertainty12 Appendix X3 (nonmandatory information) Examples of dosimeter characteristics12 References17 Table 1 Exam
12、ples of Reference Standard Dosimeters3 Table 2 Examples of Routine Dosimeters4 Table 3 Characteristics of Transfer Standard Dosimeters4 Table X3.1 Alanine/EPR Dosimeter12 Table X3.2 Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems13 Table X3.3 Tinted Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) Dosimeter13 Table X3.4 Ceric-Cerous Sulf
13、ate Dosimeter13 Table X3.5 Dichromate Dosimeter14 Table X3.6 Dyed Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimeter14 Table X3.7 Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimeter15 Table X3.8 Ferrous Sulfate (Fricke) Dosimeter15 Table X3.9 Radiochromic Dye Solution Dosimeter15 Table X3.10 Radiochromic Film Dosimeter15 Table X3.11 Opt
14、ical Waveguide Radiochromic Dosimeter16 Table X3.12 Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD)16 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 BSI 04-2000iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a
15、worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
16、 on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards ado
17、pted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 15556 was prepared by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Sub
18、committee E10.01 (as E 1261-94) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. A new ISO/TC 85 Working Group WG 3, High-level dosimetry for radiation processing, was formed to review t
19、he voting comments from the ISO “Fast-track procedure” and to maintain these standards. The USA holds the convenership of this working group. International Standard ISO 15556 is one of 20 standards developed and published by ASTM. The 20 fast-tracked standards and their associated ASTM designations
20、are listed below: ISO DesignationASTM DesignationTitle 15554E 1204-93Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing 15555E 1205-93Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system 15556E 1261-94Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiati
21、on processing 15557E 1275-93Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system 15558E 1276-96Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry system 15559E 1310-94Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system 15560E 1400-95aPractice for characterization and perfor
22、mance of a high-dose radiation dosimetry calibration laboratory 15561E 1401-96Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system 15562E 1431-91Practice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing 15563E 1538-93Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene d
23、osimetry system 15564E 1539-93Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicators Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 iv BSI 04-2000 ISO DesignationASTM DesignationTitle 15565E 1540-93Practice for use of a radiochro
24、mic liquid dosimetry system 15566E 1607-94Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system 15567E 1608-94Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing 15568E 1631-96Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and
25、dosimeter calibrations 15569E 1649-94Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 300 keV and 25 MeV 15570E 1650-94Practice for use of cellulose acetate dosimetry system 15571E 1702-95Practice for dosimetry in a gamma irradiation facility for radia
26、tion processing 15572E 1707-95Guide for estimating uncertainties in dosimetry for radiation processing 15573E 1818-96Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 keV and 300 keV Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT
27、+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 BSI 04-20001 1 Scope 1.1 This guide provides the basis for selecting and calibrating dosimetry systems used to measure absorbed dose in gamma-ray or X-ray fields and in electron beams used for radiation processing. It discusses the types of d
28、osimetry systems that may be employed during calibration or on a routine basis as part of quality assurance in commercial radiation processing of products. This guide also discusses interpretation of absorbed dose and briefly outlines the uncertainties associated with the dosimetry measurements. The
29、 details of the calibration of the analytical instrumentation are addressed in individual dosimetry system standard practices. 1.2 The absorbed-dose range covered is from about 1 Gy (100 rad) to 1 MGy (100 Mrad). Source energies covered are from 0.1 to 50 MeV photons and electrons. 1.3 Standard prac
30、tices and guides for specific dosimetry systems and applications are covered in other standards. Dosimetry for radiation processing with neutrons or heavy charged particles is not covered in this guide. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
31、 its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 170, Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry1
32、). E 178, Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations2). E 666, Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or X Radiation1). E 668, Practice for the Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices1
33、). E 1026, Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard Dosimetry System1). E 1204, Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing1). E 1205, Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System1). E 1275, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry Syste
34、m1). E 1276, Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimetry System1). E 1310, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System1). E 1400, Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory1). E 1401, Practice for Use o
35、f a Dichromate Dosimetry System1). E 1431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and Bremsstrahlung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing1). E 1538, Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System1). E 1540, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System1). E 1607, Pract
36、ice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System1). E 1631, Practice for Use of Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems for Electron Beam Dose Measurements and Dosimeter Calibrations1). 2.2 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Reports: ICRU Report 14, Radiation Dosimetry: X-rays and Ga
37、mma rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV3). ICRU Report 17, Radiation Dosimetry: X-rays Generated at Potentials of 5 to 150 kV3). ICRU Report 33, Radiation Quantities and Units3). ICRU Report 34, The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation3). ICRU Report 35, Radiation Dosimetry: Electron B
38、eams with Energies between 1 and 50 MeV3). ICRU Report 37, Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons3). 3 Terminology 3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.1.1 accredited dosimetry calibration laboratory a laboratory that meets specific performance criteria and has been tested and
39、approved by a recognized accrediting organization 1) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. 2) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 3) Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sh
40、effieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15556:1998 2 BSI 04-2000 3.1.2 calibration curve graphical or mathematical relationship between dosimeter response and absorbed dose for a given dosimetry system DISCUSSION This term is also referred to as the respo
41、nse function. 3.1.3 calibration facility combination of an ionizing radiation source and its associated instrumentation that provides uniform and reproducible absorbed-dose rates at specific locations in a specific material traceable to national standards, and therefore, may be used to calibrate the
42、 absorbed-dose response of routine or other types of dosimeters 3.1.4 dosimeter batch quantity of dosimeters made from a specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated in a single production run under controlled, consistent conditions, and having a unique identification code 3.1.5 do
43、simetry system system used to determine absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instruments and their associated reference standards, and procedures for the systems use 3.1.6 electron equilibrium a condition that exists in material under irradiation when the energies, number, and direct
44、ion of electrons induced by the radiation are constant throughout the volume of interest; thus, within such a volume, the sum of the energies of the electrons entering it is equal to the sum of the energies of all the electrons leaving it 3.1.7 measurement quality assurance plan a documented program
45、 for a measurement process that quantifies the total uncertainty of the measurement (both random and non-random components); this plan shall demonstrate traceability to national standards, and shall show that the total uncertainty meets the requirements of the specific application 3.1.8 primary stan
46、dard dosimeter dosimeter, of the highest metrological quality, established and maintained as an absorbed dose standard by a national or International Standards organization 3.1.9 quality assurance all systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a measurement is performed to a pr
47、edefined level of quality 3.1.10 reference standard dosimeter dosimeter, of high metrological quality, used as a standard to provide measurements traceable to, and consistent with, measurements made using primary standard dosimeters 3.1.11 routine dosimeter dosimeter calibrated against a primary, re
48、ference, or transfer standard dosimeter and used for routine dosimetry measurements 3.1.12 simulated product mass of material with attenuation and scattering properties similar to those of a particular material or combination of materials DISCUSSION This term is sometimes referred to as dummy produc
49、t. 3.1.13 stock part of a batch held by the user 3.1.14 traceability the ability to show that a measurement is consistent with appropriate national or International Standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons 3.1.15 transfer standard dosimeter dosimeter, often a reference standard dosimeter, intended for transport between different locations for use as an intermediary to compare absorbed dose measurements 3.2 Other terms used in this guide may be found in Terminology E 170, ICRU Report 33, and Ref (1).4) 4 Significance and Use 4.1
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