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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 16468:2005 Investment castings (steel, nickel alloys and cobalt alloys) General technical requirements ICS 77.140.80 ? Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 16468:2005 This British Standard was publis
2、hed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 3 October 2005 BSI 3 October 2005 ISBN 0 580 46668 X National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 16468:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrust
3、ed to Technical Committee ISE/6, Steel castings, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related internatio
4、nal and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catal
5、ogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its cor
6、rect application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 13 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in thi
7、s document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 16468:2005(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16468 First editi
8、on 2005-08-01 Investment castings (steel, nickel alloys and cobalt alloys) General technical requirements Moulages la cire perdue (acier, alliages de nickel et alliages de cobalt) Exigences gnrales techniques BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00
9、 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 16468:2005 iii Contents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Materials and manufacture 2 4.1 Melting
10、process. 2 4.2 Remelting process 2 5 Inspection and testing 2 5.1 General requirements. 2 5.2 Sampling 3 6 Retests . 9 7 Cleaning and dressing . 9 8 Quality 9 9 Production welds 9 10 Supplementary requirements 9 10.1 General. 9 10.2 Agreed manufacturing procedure. 9 10.3 Magnetic particle inspection
11、 . 9 10.4 Radiographic inspection 9 10.5 Liquid penetrant inspection. 10 10.6 Ultrasonic inspection . 10 10.7 Inspection of weld preparation 10 10.8 Prior agreement relating to major finishing welds 10 10.9 Impact test at low temperatures 10 10.10 Hardness test 10 10.11 Specified ferrite range in au
12、stenitic and austenitic ferritic stainless steels 10 10.12 Unspecified elements . 11 10.13 Test material removed from castings . 11 10.14 Tensile test coupons and specimen locations for castings. 11 10.15 Weld maps (sketches) 11 10.16 Increased testing frequency Chemical analysis . 11 10.17 Increase
13、d testing frequency Tensile test 11 10.18 Inspection documents 11 10.19 Marking 11 10.20 Decarburization. 11 10.21 Metallurgical cleanliness . 12 Bibliography . 13 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 16468:2005 iv Foreword
14、 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
15、 committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of elec
16、trotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the
17、 member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for iden
18、tifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16468 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 11, Steel castings. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Investment castings (steel, nickel alloys and cobalt
19、 alloys) General technical requirements 1 Scope This International Standard specifies technical requirements for castings (steel, nickel alloys and cobalt alloys) produced by the investment-casting process. The International Standards specifying metallurgical material requirements for steel, nickel
20、alloy and cobalt alloy casting grades are listed in the Bibliography. The requirements stated in this International Standard form an integral part of the material specification. In cases of conflict, the requirements of this specification take precedence over the individual material specification re
21、quirements. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4986, Stee
22、l castings Magnetic particle inspection ISO 4987, Steel castings Penetrant inspection ISO 4990, Steel castings General technical delivery requirements ISO 4993:1987, Steel castings Radiographic inspection ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials Brinell hardness test Part 1: Test method ISO 6507-1, Metallic m
23、aterials Vickers hardness test Part 1: Test method ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials Rockwell hardness test Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) ISO 10474, Steel and steel products Inspection documents ISO 11970, Specification and approval of welding procedures for production we
24、lding of steel castings ISO 13520, Determination of ferrite content in austenitic stainless steel castings BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the fol
25、lowing terms and definitions apply. 3.1 primary heat master mother heat melt quantity of metal processed in a single furnace or refining vessel at one time, in such a manner as to produce the desired composition and properties 3.2 sub-heat melt production heat daughter heat portion of a primary heat
26、 remelted for pouring into castings 3.3 investment casting lost wax casting metal casting that is produced in a ceramic shell using an expendable pattern NOTE The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastics or other material, and is removed prior to filling the mould with liquid metal. 3.4 shell
27、 ceramic mould 4 Materials and manufacture 4.1 Melting process Primary heats shall be made by the electric furnace process, with or without separate refining, such as argon- oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-decarburization (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), etc., unless otherwise spec
28、ified in the individual specification or agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer. Primary heats may be used directly for producing castings or converted into ingot, bar, shot or other suitable form, for later remelting as a sub-heat. 4.2 Remelting process Sub-heats shall be produced from
29、primary-heat metal in suitable batch sizes by an electric induction furnace, with or without atmosphere protection, such as vacuum or inert gas, unless otherwise specified in the individual specification or agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and reject
30、ed castings) shall not be remelted except in primary heats. Additions of up to 5 %, by mass, are permitted for compositional adjustments and deoxidation. 5 Inspection and testing 5.1 General requirements The general requirements for inspection and testing shall be in accordance with ISO 4990, except
31、 as described in 5.2. BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 5.2 Sampling 5.2.1 If castings are poured directly from one or more primary heats, then the samples for chemical and other required testing shall also
32、be poured directly from each of the primary heats. 5.2.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, test coupons may be taken from castings, may be cast integrally with the castings, or may be cast in separate moulds of the same type and materials as those used for the castings. Chemical-compositi
33、on analysis samples may be cast in other types of mould. 5.2.3 If castings are poured from a sub-heat, then the samples for chemical and other required testing shall also be poured from a sub-heat of the same primary melt, but not necessarily from the same sub-melt as the castings. The sub-melt used
34、 for the test samples shall be produced using the same practices and additions as used for the castings. 5.2.4 Examples of test coupons which may be used for mechanical testing are shown in Figure 1, except when 10.14 is specified. The test coupon in Figure 1 d) may be employed only for austenitic a
35、lloy castings with a ruling thickness less than 65 mm. BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 Dimensions in millimetres a) Figure 1 Test coupons BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon N
36、ov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 Dimensions in millimetres b) c) Figure 1 (continued) BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 Dimensions in millimetres d) Figure 1 (continued) BS ISO 164
37、68:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 Dimensions in millimetres e) f) Figure 1 (continued) BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 8 Dim
38、ensions in millimetres g) h) Key t taper a alternative Figure 1 (continued) BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9 6 Retests In addition to the requirements of ISO 4990, if any specimen shows defective machining
39、or develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted from the same primary heat. 7 Cleaning and dressing All the castings shall be cleaned and dressed sufficiently to determine compliance with the requirements of Clause 8. Additional dressing may be agreed at the time of the enqui
40、ry and order. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, or is produced using a die supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall be as produced by the pattern or die. 8 Quality 8.1 Visual standards for acceptance shall be agreed between the purchaser and manufacturer. ISO 11971 m
41、ay be used to specify visual surface standards. Other surface conditions shall meet the visual acceptance standards specified in the order. Unacceptable visual surface discontinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visual examination. 8.2 When additional inspection is desired, 10.3,
42、10.4, 10.5, 10.6 or 10.7 may be specified. 9 Production welds Production welding shall be in accordance with the requirements of ISO 11970. 10 Supplementary requirements 10.1 General One or more of the following supplementary requirements may be applied when specified in the enquiry and order. Addit
43、ional supplementary requirements may also be found in ISO 4990. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of the enquiry and order. The specified tests shall be carried out before delivery of the castings. 10.2 Agreed manufacturing
44、 procedure At the time of enquiry and order, the purchaser may require prior approval of the manufacturing process. 10.3 Magnetic particle inspection Castings shall be inspected for surface and near-surface discontinuities by magnetic particle inspection. The inspection shall be in accordance with I
45、SO 4986. The extent of inspection and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 10.4 Radiographic inspection Castings shall be inspected for internal defects by means of X-rays or gamma rays. The procedure shall be in accordance with ISO 4993. The exte
46、nt of inspection and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. BS ISO 16468:2005 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 07:26:57 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 10 10.5 Liquid penetrant inspection Castings shall be inspected for
47、surface discontinuities by means of liquid penetrant inspection. The inspection shall be in accordance with ISO 4987. Areas to be inspected, methods and types of liquid penetrants to be used, developing procedure, and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchas
48、er. 10.6 Ultrasonic inspection Castings shall be inspected for internal defects by means of ultrasonic inspection. The extent of inspection, methods of inspection, and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. 10.7 Inspection of weld preparation 10.7.1 Mag
49、netic particle or liquid penetrant inspection Surfaces prepared for welding shall be inspected, using the same methods and acceptance criteria as specified for the casting, to verify removal of discontinuities. 10.7.2 Radiographic inspection Unless other degrees of shrinkage or types of discontinuities found in the cavities are specified, Type II (internal shrinkage) reference photographs referenced in ISO 4993:1987, of Degree 2 in sections up to 50 mm thick, and of Degree 3 in s
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