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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 Implementation of ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 6: Guidance for regulators and specifiers on the assessment of toxic hazard in fires in buildings and transport ICS 13.220.50; 71.040.40 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun
2、 Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 December 1996 BSI
3、 10-1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FSH/16 Draft for comment 91/48432 DC ISBN 0 580 26096 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee FSH/16, upon which the
4、 following bodies were represented: British Cable Makers Confederation British Electrical Systems Association (BEAMA Ltd.) British Plastics Federation British Railways Board British Rigid Urethane Foam Manufacturers Association British Rubber Manufacturers Association Ltd. British Textile Technology
5、 Group Chemical Industries Association Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Association Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Department of Health Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of Trade and Industry (Consumer Safety Unit, CA Division) International Wool Sec
6、retariat Loss Prevention Council Queen Mary and Westfield College RAPRA Technology Ltd. Warrington Fire Research Centre Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6
7、:1994 BSI 10-1998i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Forewordii 1Scope1 2Background1 3Position of the regulator3 4Steps to be considered3 5Toxic products and mechanisms of toxicity in fires4 6Methods of toxic hazard assessment5 7Recommended hazard assessment
8、procedure6 Annex A (informative) Bibliography8 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 ii BSI 10-1998 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 and implements it as the UK na
9、tional standard. It is related to PD 6503-1:1990 which is the UK adoption of ISO/TR 9122-1:1989. When ISO/TR 9122-1:1989 is revised, it is intended that it will be implemented as the UK national standard. The Technical Committee had earlier decided not to implement ISO/TR 9122-2 as the UK national s
10、tandard but to publish a national document (PD 6503-2) instead. PD 6503-2:1988 remains current until the 1990 edition of ISO/TR 9122-2 is revised when it is envisaged that the new edition of ISO/TR 9122-2 will be implemented as a British Standard. To avoid any further confusion, the decision has bee
11、n made to implement all the remaining Parts of the ISO/TR 9122 series as British Standards rather than producing national documents as further Parts of PD 6503. This British Standard is published under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Board whose Technical Committee FSH/16
12、has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international committee any enquiries on interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTEInt
13、ernational and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
14、application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO TR title page, page ii, pages 1 to 8 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see
15、 copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:
16、35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 ii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techn
17、ical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
18、with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of
19、 the following types: type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts; type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an a
20、greement on an International Standard; type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of public
21、ation, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. ISO/TR 9122-6, which is a Technical Report of type 2, was prepared by Technica
22、l Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire tests on building materials, components and structures, Subcommittee SC 3, Toxic hazards in fire. This document is being issued in the type 2 Technical Report series of publications (according to subclause G.4.2.2 of part 1 of the ISO/IEC Directives) as a “prospective sta
23、ndard for provisional application” in the field of toxicity testing of fire effluents because there is an urgent need for guidance on how standards in this field should be used to meet an identified need. This document is not to be regarded as an “International Standard”. It is proposed for provisio
24、nal application so that information and experience of its use in practice may be gathered. Comments on the content of this document should be sent to the ISO Central Secretariat. A review of this type 2 Technical Report will be carried out not later than two years after its publication with the opti
25、ons of: extension for another two years; conversion into an International Standard; or withdrawal. ISO/TR 9122 consists of the following parts, under the general title Toxicity testing of fire effluents: Part 1: General; Part 2: Guidelines for biological assays to determine the acute inhalation toxi
26、city of fire effluents (basic principles, criteria and methodology); Part 3: Methods for the analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents; Part 4: The fire model (furnaces and combustion apparatus used in small-scale testing); Part 5: Prediction of toxic effects of fire effluents; Part 6: Guidanc
27、e for regulators and specifiers on the assessment of toxic hazards in fires in buildings and transport. Annex A of this part of ISO/TR 9122 is for information only. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 BSI 10
28、-19981 1 Scope This part of ISO/TR 9122 is intended to provide guidance for the regulator and specifier on the assessment of toxic hazards in fires in buildings and transport. This is done by describing a series of logical steps to assess a particular fire scenario. 2 Background The life threat haza
29、rd from fires continues to be a source of concern in many countries1. Of major concern is exposure to toxic gases which together with heat and visual obscuration from smoke are responsible for the majority of deaths and serious injury in fires. The increasing use of novel materials and innovative de
30、sign in buildings and transport vehicles and their contents, can create new potential hazards as well as new opportunities for the reduction of hazard. There is therefore a great need for effective methods for the assessment of life threat hazard and its regulation. This has stimulated wide ranging
31、research over many years whose aim has been to understand the nature and biological effects of fire effluent atmospheres and provide guidance on the mitigation of their effects. 2.1 Regulatory use of data from small-scale toxicity tests The initial thrust internationally was to develop a small-scale
32、 test for toxic potency of materials which could be used by regulators, specifiers and fire safety practitioners in much the same way as other small-scale fire tests have been used for the control of materials. This perceived need for small-scale toxic potency tests arose from concern about the incr
33、easing incidence of fire deaths resulting from smoke exposure. There was a feeling that the most important factor in toxic hazard was the toxic potency of combustion products and that modern materials evolved products which had a much greater toxic potency than traditional materials. This fear was i
34、ncreased by the discovery of a small number of materials evolving products with an unusually high toxic potency in small-scale tests. These concerns led to pressure for small-scale tests to measure the toxic potency of combustion products so that materials could be ranked and on that basis, “bad” ma
35、terials could be identified. Experience with these tests over many years coupled with a growing understanding from research of the life threatening properties of “real” fires has resulted in the general consensus that such small-scale test data independent of other fire performance data, are insuffi
36、cient for assessing life threat hazard. Also, examples of unusually high toxic potency have proven to be rare and in most fires the major toxic effects are known to be caused by a small number of well known products. It follows that attempts to regulate on the basis of toxic potency values alone suc
37、h as those required to be submitted by the State of New York (U. Pitt test2), or to specify materials based upon unrealistic tests such as the NES7133 or controls based solely upon elemental composition of synthetic materials4 may be considered counterproductive. The main limitations of small-scale
38、tests are: a) the tests do not address the problem of the rate of fire growth and toxic product generation which are essential in toxic hazard assessment; b) the decomposition conditions used in the tests are easily relatable to those existing in actual fires; c) some methods do not utilize animals,
39、 but rely solely on chemical analytical data. As far as can be determined with the current state of knowledge, such data can never be comprehensive in assessing toxicity; d) for toxic potency tests using animals, the LC50 end point (a measure of lethal exposure concentration) is too simplistic; subl
40、ethal effects which might prevent escape from fire should also be considered; Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:16:35 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO/TR 9122-6:1994 2 BSI 10-1998 e) the tests do not normally allow the testing of materials in their end-use co
41、nfiguration, i.e. as composites or in conjunction with other materials; f) the tests are not capable of addressing the environmental aspects of fires which may influence escape and therefore the overall hazard, i.e. building design and fire protection measures; g) the use of data from animals (mostl
42、y rodents) can be regarded as representing effects on humans only to the extent that the rat is correlated with humans as a biological system. Failure to allow for differences between species may introduce errors with respect to important aspects of fire atmosphere toxicity in human subjects. 2.2 Im
43、portance of fire growth characteristics in toxic hazard assessment It is now recognised that data from small-scale toxicity tests are useful in toxic hazard assessments in conjunction with other input data on fire growth characteristics. The most important variable in the development of toxic hazard
44、 in fires is the rate of fire growth and the rate of evolution of the common fire gases. The point in any fire when a victim becomes incapacitated or dies therefore depends strongly upon the growth curve of the fire and the points in time where an incapacitating or lethal dose of products has been i
45、nhaled. This is not to say that toxicity is no longer a problem, since it is the toxic effects that ultimately cause incapacitation or death in the majority of fires, and it is therefore important to know what will cause toxic effects in order to predict the potential hazard in any particular fire.
46、Also, toxicity data for individual materials can be used to screen for rare products of unusually high toxic potency, and to improve the accuracy of fire performance predictions based upon hazard assessments. It follows that an individual material can be assessed in terms of its contribution to toxi
47、c hazard only as part of a system rather than in isolation. Its suitability will depend on its contribution to the overall ignition and growth characteristics of fires as well as the toxic potency of its products. This has led to the development of models which combine several aspects of life threat
48、 for the overall assessment of hazard and a code of practice approach rather than the use of simple pass/fail criteria. 2.3 Integrated assessment methods These methods require a detailed analysis of given scenarios. The stages of hazard development need to be determined, enabling a series of logical
49、 steps to be identified and used as a basis for a hazard assessment of particular scenarios. Within these steps there are still areas for which it is possible to give only general advice, and where assumptions have to be made. Ongoing and future research is aimed at improving capabilities in these areas. The magnitude of the toxic, or more completely the life threat, hazard depends upon the complex interaction of many parameters, starting with an ignition source and ending with possible toxic or other hazards affecting potential victims present in t
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