Building Security:Codes and Liability.pdf
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1、CODES AND LIABILITY P A R T 6 CHAPTER 30 CODES, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES FOR SECURITY PLANNING AND DESIGN Walter “Skip” Adams, CPP Senior Security Consultant, Sako and design philosophy, strategies, and assumptions for military construction. Department of StateCountering Terrorism, the Bureau of Di
2、plomatic Security guideline, contains suggestions for U.S. business representatives abroad. Suggestions are mostly operational and are applicable to many building types. Department of Health andLaboratories storing and using certain types of agents and organisms must Human Services (DHHS)adhere to g
3、uidelines promulgated by DHHS through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). These biosafety guidelines address facility design and construction, equipment needs, and facility operations. See DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2002-139. Department of Defense
4、,The National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) Department of Energy,prescribes requirements, restrictions, and safeguards to ensure that U.S. Nuclear Regulatorycontractors protect classified information. Commission, and Central Intelligence Agency Department of TreasuryU.S. Cust
5、oms publishes standards serving as models for cargo security best practices. Federal Monetary andThe Bank Protection Act of 1968 includes amendments and standards Banking Agenciesaddressing intrusion and robbery alarm systems, lighting, locks, surveillance, vault, and safe requirements. National Ins
6、titute of StandardsFIPS 31 is a guideline for Automatic Data Processing, Physical Security, and Technology (NIST)and Risk Management. Nuclear RegulatoryThe NRC standards and regulations describe entry and exit controls to Commission (NRC)protected areas, material access areas, locks, perimeter intru
7、sion alarm system, security equipment, key and lock controls, and protection against vehicular ramming and explosives. Note: All regulations are subject to revisions and modifications. CHARTING A COURSE OF ACTION Building owners and managers often view security provisions as optional costs, especial
8、ly since most are not required by code. However, owners will typically pay for security in order to avoid liability, to add value, or to maintain critical and necessary operations. Examples of necessary operations include maternity ward infant protection systems in hospitals, warehouses with valuabl
9、e inventory, and data centers housing essential or sensitive information. Building owners, operators, and landlords understand the need for heightened security concerns among tenants stemming from terrorist threats,workplace violence,and crime. These security concerns should be shared with architect
10、s, engineers, designers, and construction professionals during the earli- est phases of the programming and planning process. Owners must decide on the level of risk that they are willing to assume and work with the project team to determine appropriate security goals. Owners must also ensure that f
11、acility operations do not conflict with the comprehensive security plan. Increased global concern about terrorist threats indicates that the trend toward enhanced security design, technology, and operations will likely remain strong. Implementing prescriptive codes could potentially reduce duplicati
12、ve efforts, decrease waste associated with companies paying for useless provisions, and standardize the quality of expectations in the design and construction arena. Regardless of any potential life safety and security code provisions that address architectural and engineering design, a comprehensiv
13、e security plan that integrates design, technology, and building operations is still the best protection for building owners. Until a series of prescriptive codes is developed and made available for widespread, standard application, building owners, operators, and managers seeking to enhance securit
14、y measures on their properties should develop a comprehensive security plan. (Table 30.5) Other tasks may require working with in-house professionals or outside consultants: Examine corporate security standards for applicability to site planning and building design. Assess the likely threats using a
15、 template developed by the corporate security department or a qualified professional consulting firm. Ascertain the security design experience and qualifications of architectural, engineering, and secu- rity consulting firms under consideration for selection in new construction or renovation project
16、s. The firms and proposed team members should demonstrate appropriate, relevant experience and knowledge of essential security design elements (Table 30.6). VIABLE OPTIONS FOR SECURITY CODES The primary motives for development of security codes are to: Clarify conditions prior to identifying the nee
17、d for security measures Develop viable options to address an identified threat Reduce duplication of effort Decrease waste Standardize quality To further efforts in developing security standards for the commercial building sector, the fol- lowing suggestions merit consideration: Use federal mandates
18、 for security provisions critical to emergency response at applicable facilities. Limited federal funding would ideally offset implementation costs. Implement federal recommendations for more in-depth security provisions, organized according to building type, function, and likely threat, for state a
19、nd local homeland security, and counter-terrorism 30.10CODES AND LIABILITY efforts. The federal government is best suited to this task, as several federal agencies have comprehensive guidelines suitable for adaptation by state and local government agencies. Encourage states to adapt federal recommen
20、dations, as applicable to local conditions, and mandate compliance. States could execute periodic inspections and compliance tracking. Provide incentives for local governments to assist in documenting compliance. For example, if state provisions have clear criteria, local governments could collect c
21、ompliance statements from builders. However, if localities are responsible for approvals, they might have to train staff engi- neers; especially those already performing building code inspections, to handle security inspec- tions. As a result, localities might be forced to hire more staff, a potenti
22、al financial burden. Encourage states to provide incentives to building owners who voluntarily pay to be accredited by a security professional. Increased security and emergency response preparedness benefit employees, the community, and neighbors of the facility. Accreditation criteria should stress
23、 police and fire coordination and provisions supporting emergency personnel. Encourage architects, engineers, and design and construction professionals to be familiar with fundamental security design concepts, codes, and standards, especially pertaining to specific building types they are involved w
24、ith, as part of maintaining professional licensure, and as part of the licensing examinations. Educate design and construction professionals in schools, professional conferences, and continu- ing education courses, about security design and related industry codes and standards. CODES, STANDARDS, AND
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