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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 14438:2002 Glass in building Determination of energy balance value Calculation method The European Standard EN 14438:2002 has the status of a British Standard ICS 81.040.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS EN ISO 14438:2002 This Bri
2、tish Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Building and Civil Engineering Sector Policy and Strategy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 24 June 2002 BSI 24 June 2002 ISBN 0 580 38794 1 National foreword This British Stan
3、dard is the official English language version of EN ISO 14438:2002. It is identical with ISO 14438:2002. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/520, Glass and glazing in building, to Subcommittee B/520/4, Properties and glazing methods, which has the responsib
4、ility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section ent
5、itled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compli
6、ance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related
7、international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, pages 2 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
8、Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 14438 June 2002 ICS 81.040.20 English version Glass in building - Determination of energy balance value - Calculation method (ISO 14438:2002) Verre dans la construction - Dtermination d
9、e la valeur du bilan nergtique - Mthode de calcul (ISO 14438:2002) Glas im Bauwesen - Bestimmung des Energiebilanz- Wertes - Berechnungsverfahren (ISO 14438:2002) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 March 2002. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations whi
10、ch stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Stand
11、ard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standar
12、ds bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITE
13、E FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14438:2002 E EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 1Scope4 2Normative references .4 3Symbols .4 4
14、Basic formula5 5Basic material properties.5 6Solar radiation incident, Hp6 7Degree day data, Dp6 8Period of application, p6 9Principal values and presentation.6 10Alternative simplification of principal values and presentation7 Annex A (informative) Examples of climatic data p, Dp and Hp8 Annex B (i
15、nformative) Examples of calculation of the energy balance value .9 Bibliography .11 EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 14438:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129 “Glass in building“, the secretariat of which is held by IBN, in collaboration with Technical Com
16、mittee ISO/TC 160 “Glass in building“. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2002. Accordin
17、g to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Por
18、tugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. A first Formal Vote took place within CEN as prEN 14026 between 2000-10-19 and 2000-12-19. Annexes A and B are informative. This standard includes a Bibliography. EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 4 1Scope This European Standard specifies a calculation m
19、ethod to determine the energy balance value of glazing. This European Standard applies to transparent materials such as glass and combinations of glass used to glaze windows in buildings. This method is intended to evaluate the balance of heat loss and useful heat gain by solar radiation entering th
20、e building through the glazing for a given period by means of an average rate of loss (or gain) of heat called the energy balance value. The method enables producers to compare the performance of their glazing products. The energy balance value should not be used for energy use or heating capacity c
21、alculations in buildings. 2Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated references, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subseque
22、nt amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 410Glass in building - Determination of lumino
23、us and solar characteristics of glazing EN 673Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Calculation method EN 674Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Guarded hot plate method EN 675Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittan
24、ce (U value) - Heat flow meter method EN 832Thermal performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for heating - Residential buildings 3Symbols Ddegree daysK24 h ?utility factor Hunobstructed incident solar radiation kWh/m2 gtotal solar energy transmittance (solar factor) Uthermal transmittanc
25、e (U value) W/(m2K) ffactor due to glazing maintenance and shadow effects Sfunction of H and D characterising a given region W/(m2K) Eenergy balance value W/(m2K) Subscripts pperiod of application EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 5 4Basic formula The energy balance value, E, for a given period is calculated ac
26、cording to the following equation: p p D Hfg UE ? ? ? (1) where: Uis the U value of the glazing; ?is the utility factor; fis the factor due to glazing maintenance and shadow effects; gis the glazing total solar energy transmittance (solar factor); Hpis the unobstructed incident solar radiation durin
27、g the given period; Dpis the degree day total for the given period. NOTE An example of calculation is given in annex B. 5Basic material properties 5.1U Value (thermal transmittance) The U value of the glazing is determined by calculation, in accordance with EN 673 or measurement in accordance with E
28、N 674 or EN 675. 5.2 Utility factor, ? ? The utility factor for a building or space in a building is the ratio of the useful heat gains, which displace the functional heating over a defined period, to the total heat gains during the period. The utility factor is essentially a property of the buildin
29、g design. The utility factor cannot exceed unity. Its precise value depends on the ability of the building and the control of its heating systems to displace its functional heating load while maintaining desirable temperatures inside. The utility factor is dependent on the period chosen and the leng
30、th of the period. Its value for typical constructions such as windows in buildings lies between 0,4 and 0,8 for the winter heating period and it can be determined experimentally or by calculation in accordance with EN 832. For purposes of comparison of glazing products a utility factor of 0,6 shall
31、be used. 5.3 Glazing total solar energy transmittance (solar factor), g This is the total transmission of solar heat through the glazing, and is the sum of the direct transmittance of solar radiation and the amount of absorbed radiation which is convected and re-radiated to the interior. The total s
32、olar energy transmittance shall be determined in accordance with EN 410. 5.4 Factor due to glazing maintenance and shadow effects, f This factor is an allowance for accumulated dirt on the glazing surface and shading effects. For vertical or near vertical (15) surfaces the value 0,8 shall be used fo
33、r comparison of glazing products. EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 6 6Solar radiation incident, Hp The amount of unobstructed solar radiation is described by the factor Hp which is the amount of solar radiation in kWh/m2 incident upon the vertical glazing surface during the whole period under consideration. Da
34、ta for selected sites are exemplified in annex A. NOTE Data for sites in Europe are found in 1 of Bibliography. 7Degree day data, Dp Degree day units are computed as the difference between the base temperature and the daily average outside temperature. One unit is accumulated for each degree kelvin
35、the average temperature is below the base temperature. Negative values are discarded. This is done for each day of the heating period and summed. Degree day data are calculated for the local national conditions. Official statistics are published in most countries. The base temperature is the interna
36、l design control temperature and shall be defined for the period under consideration. For purposes of comparison a base temperature of 18C shall be used. The value used in the equation shall be the total number of degree days (in kelvins 24 h) for the period under consideration. Examples are given i
37、n annex A. 8Period of application, p The method of this standard may be used for evaluating the energy balance value of glazing for any chosen period. For purposes of comparison the period is the “heating season“, i.e. the whole period in the months during which functional heating is used in the bui
38、lding. Examples are given in annex A. 9Principal values and presentation For the evaluation of the energy balance value (E) of glazing which is used for comparative purposes identical underlying assumptions shall be made. All the underlying assumptions shall be stated and data prescribed in this sta
39、ndard shall be used. Statement of underlying assumptions: -location of use; -orientation of glazing; -source of degree day data. If values of the utility factor and glazing maintenance factor different from 0,6 and 0,8 respectively are used for purposes other than for comparison of products, this sh
40、all be stated. Any publication of energy balance value shall be accompanied by a statement, that the evaluation is based on the full potential incident solar radiation. Any external obstruction which overshadows the window tends to increase the energy balance value. Therefore, in addition to a state
41、ment of the underlying assumptions the following complementary statement shall be made: “This evaluation is applicable only for unobstructed glazing“. The energy balance value shall be expressed in W/(m2K) rounded to one decimal figure. If the second decimal is five, it shall be rounded to the highe
42、r values. EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 7 EXAMPLE 11,53 becomes 1,5 EXAMPLE 21,55 becomes 1,6 EXAMPLE 31,549 becomes 1,5 10 Alternative simplification of principal values and presentation The basic formula can be simplified as follows: SgUE?(2) where: p p D Hf S ? ? ? (3) “S“ may be ascribed values correspo
43、nding to a region or a country, where the region or country does not extend over a widely diverse climatic range. For each region or country “deemed to satisfy“ values of S for the principal orientations are used to characterise the climate, period of application and utility factor of the incident s
44、olar radiation as exemplified in annex B. EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 8 Annex A (informative) Examples of climatic data p, Dp and Hp Table A.1 - Duration of heating season, degree day totals for base temperatures of 18C and solar radiation incident on vertical surfaces for selected sites LocationHeating s
45、eason Degree day total, Dp Solar radiation, Hp (kWh/m2) (Duration inclusive) (K24 h) NorthEast/WestSouth Belgium (Uccle) Denmark (Copenhagen) France Zone H1 (Trappes) Zone H2 (Carpentras) Zone H3 (Nice) Germany (Hamburg) (Berlin) (Munich) Holland (De Bilt) Italy (Milan) (Rome) (Messina) UK (South) (
46、London) (Thames Valley) (Midlands) UK (North) UK (Scotland) Japan (Sapporo) (Niigata) (Tokyo) (Kagoshima) Sept/May Sept/May Sept/May Oct/May Nov/April Sept/May Sept/May Sept/May Sept/May Oct/March Nov/March Nov/March Sept/May Sept/May Sept/May Sept/June Oct/April Nov/April Nov/April 2900 2936 2625 2
47、167 1542 3267 3335 3568 2935 2159 1401 844 2700 3000 3200 3757 2313 1599 1200 202 100 230 235 150 195 203 242 205 107 110 85 200 197 176 175 124 102 93 350 225 410 520 360 348 358 446 358 196 239 191 347 354 303 443 223 228 281 505 420 590 720 630 505 518 649 522 346 442 373 510 497 452 709 364 440
48、533 EN ISO 14438:2002 (E) 9 Annex B (informative) Examples of calculation of the energy balance value B.1 Example of calculation from the climatic data Dp and Hp Table B.1 - Examples of climatic data for a given country, from Table A.1 Heating season (Duration inclusive) Degree day total, Dp (K24 h)
49、 Solar radiation, Hp (kWh/m2) NorthEast/WestSouth Sept/May2900202350505 NOTE The numerical values ascribed in the table above are intended to illustrate the calculation and application of the principle and are not constructed to be similar or typical of any particular region or country. Example of calculation of the energy balance value for a conventional double glazing (air filling, no low-e coating). U value is 2,9 W/(m2K) g is 0,75 The orientation is south The standardised values for ? and f are 0,6 and 0,8 respectively. The energy balance value
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