CGA-G-6.10-2006.pdf
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1、 CGA G-6.102006 FLAMMABLE GASES AND/OR OXYGEN CONTAMINATION IN CARBON DIOXIDE FEED GAS FIRST EDITION COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. 4221 Walney Road, 5th Floor Chantilly, VA 20151 Phone: 703-788-2700 Fax: 703-961-1831 E-mail: PAGE ii COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-6.102006 PLEASE NOTE: Th
2、e information contained in this document was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and is based on technical information and experience currently available from members of the Compressed Gas Association, Inc. and others. However, the Association or its members, jointly or severally, make no
3、guarantee of the results and assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the information or suggestions herein contained. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable commodity grade, test or safety procedure or method, precaution, equipment or device is contained within, or
4、 that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or suggest further requirements or additional procedure. This document is subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition. The Associa- tion invites comments and suggestions for consideration. In connection with
5、 such review, any such comments or suggestions will be fully reviewed by the Association after giving the party, upon request, a reasonable op- portunity to be heard. Proposed changes may be submitted via the Internet at our web site, . This document should not be confused with federal, state, provi
6、ncial, or municipal specifications or regulations; insurance requirements; or national safety codes. While the Association recommends reference to or use of this document by government agencies and others, this document is purely voluntary and not binding. A listing of all publications, audiovisual
7、programs, safety and technical bulletins, and safety posters is available via the Internet at our website at . For more information contact CGA at Phone: 703-788-2700, ext. 799. E-mail: . Work Item 03-85 Carbon Dioxide Committee FIRST EDITION: 2006 2006 BY THE COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. ALL RI
8、GHTS RESERVED. 4221 WALNEY ROAD, 5TH FLOOR, CHANTILLY, VA 20151 Printed in U.S.A. -,-,- CGA G-6.102006 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE iii Contents Page 1 Introduction.1 2 Scope .1 3 Definitions.1 4 Carbon dioxide.2 4.1 Physical and chemical properties2 4.2 Manufacture.2 5 Physiology of carbon
9、 dioxide4 5.1 General4 5.2 Physiological effects of carbon dioxide4 5.3 Physical effects of overexposure to carbon dioxide 4 5.4 Regulatory standards 4 5.5 Safety precautions.5 5.6 Rescue and first aid.5 6 Explosion theory.5 6.1 Fundamentals of deflagration5 6.2 Deflagration requirements.6 7 Recomme
10、ndations .7 7.1 Carbon dioxide source risk analysis7 7.2 Carbon dioxide supplier communication .7 7.3 Carbon dioxide supplier equipment leaks .7 7.4 Purging and isolation during carbon dioxide supplier maintenance 7 7.5 Adsorber bed issues7 7.6 Adsorber bed temperature monitoring.8 7.7 Handling of s
11、pent media8 7.8 Catalytic oxidation issues8 7.9 Oxygen safety training for personnel of carbon dioxide plants with catalytic oxidation systems.9 7.10 Feed gas analyzers.9 7.11 Vacuum breakers monitoring.9 8 References.9 Table Table 1Physical constants of carbon dioxide 3 This page is intentionally b
12、lank. -,-,- CGA G-6.102006 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE 1 1 Introduction This publication is one of a series compiled by the Compressed Gas Association, Inc., (CGA) to satisfy the de- mand for information relative to the production, storage, transportation, safe handling, and use of compres
13、sed and liquefied gases, cryogenic liquids, and related products. Most merchant liquid carbon dioxide sold in North America is a by-product recovered from sources such as ammonia fertilizer plants, ethanol fermentation, petroleum refinery hydrogen reformers, a variety of petro- chemical processes, a
14、nd natural wells. The by-product gas typically is transported by pipeline from the source to adjacent carbon dioxide purification and liquefaction plants. Typical by-product carbon dioxide contains 95% to 99.9% carbon dioxide on a dry basis, although some lower purity sources also are used. Dependin
15、g on the source, the by-product gas also contains a variety of impurities. During process upsets at the source plants, the quantity of impurities can increase significantly and relative concentrations can vary. A number of energy releases at by-product carbon dioxide plants have been attributed to t
16、he presence of high levels of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, oxygen, or a combination of these contaminants in the carbon dioxide plant feed gas. 2 Scope This publication alerts carbon dioxide producers to potential risks related to changing carbon dioxide feed gas composition. It also discusses the danger
17、s related to excess oxygen or hydrocarbon levels in catalytic oxidation and sulfur and hydrocarbon removal systems used to purify carbon dioxide. In addition, potential fire hazards that can be encountered when spent adsorbent media is exposed to air during periodic replacement are re- viewed. Final
18、ly, this publication provides recommendations to prevent fire and explosions related to these causes in by-product carbon dioxide plants. 3 Definitions For the purpose of this publication, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Carbon dioxide Chemical compound consisting of one atom of carbon bonded t
19、o two atoms of oxygen, expressed by the chemical formula CO2. NOTEThe shipping name for carbon dioxide in uninsulated cylinders in the United States and Canada is “Carbon Dioxide.” 3.2 Carbon dioxide feed gas Unprocessed (other than compression and/or cooling) gas that flows from a carbon dioxide so
20、urce plant to a carbon dioxide plant. NOTEThis gas can contain a variety of components other than carbon dioxide including water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and other noncondensable gases, carbon monoxide, light hydrocarbons, heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, oxygenated compounds, volatile organic c
21、ompounds, or a combination of these contaminants. 3.3 Carbon dioxide feed gas source Any plant with one or more processes generating gaseous carbon dioxide, usually as a by-product. NOTEExamples include steam methane (or hydrocarbon) reforming, grain fermentation, waste acid neutralization, iron ore
22、 processing, ethylene oxide production, hydrocarbon combustion, etc. This definition also includes carbon dioxide found within naturally occurring geological formations (wells). 3.4 Carbon dioxide feed gas supplier Host or owner of a carbon dioxide feed gas source. 3.5 Carbon dioxide plant Any insta
23、lled facility that is capable of producing liquid carbon dioxide meeting required industry product speci- fications. PAGE 2 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-6.102006 3.6 Combustion Chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of
24、either a glow or flame.1,2 3.7 Deflagration Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium. 3.8 Detonation Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted me- dium. 3.9 Explosion Burs
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