CGA-P-9-2008.pdf
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1、 CGA P-92008 THE INERT GASES: ARGON, NITROGEN, AND HELIUM FOURTH EDITION COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. 4221 Walney Road, 5th Floor Chantilly, VA 20151 Phone: 703-788-2700 FAX: 703-961-1831 E-mail: PAGE ii COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA P-92008 PLEASE NOTE: The information contained in this
2、 document was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and is based on technical information and experience currently available from members of the Compressed Gas Association, Inc. and others. However, the Association or its members, jointly or severally, make no guarantee of the results and as
3、sume no liability or responsibility in connection with the information or suggestions herein contained. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable commodity grade, test or safety procedure or method, precaution, equipment or device is contained within, or that abnormal or unusual circu
4、mstances may not warrant or suggest further requirements or additional procedure. This document is subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition. The Associa- tion invites comments and suggestions for consideration. In connection with such review, any such comments
5、 or suggestions will be fully reviewed by the Association after giving the party, upon request, a reasonable op- portunity to be heard. Proposed changes may be submitted via the Internet at our web site, . This document should not be confused with Federal, state, provincial, or municipal specificati
6、ons or regulations; insurance requirements; or national safety codes. While the Association recommends reference to or use of this document by government agencies and others, this document is purely voluntary and not binding. A listing of all publications, audiovisual programs, safety and technical
7、bulletins, and safety posters is available via the Internet at our website at . For more information contact CGA at Phone: 703-788-2700, ext. 799. E-mail: . Work Item 06-005 Atmospheric Gases and Equipment Committee NOTETechnical changes from the previous edition are underlined. FOURTH EDITION: 2008
8、 THIRD EDITION: 2001 SECOND EDITION: 1992 FIRST EDITION: 1980 2008 The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All rights reserved. All materials contained in this work are protected by United States and international copyright laws. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by a
9、ny means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any informa- tion storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be directed to The Compressed Gas As
10、sociation, Inc., 4221 Walney Road, Suite 500, Chantilly VA 20151. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from this work. CGA P-92008 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE iii Contents Page 1 Introduction.1 2 Scope .1 3 Argon1 3.1 Properties1 3.2 Production .1 3.3 Commer
11、cial uses.1 4 Nitrogen2 4.1 Properties2 4.2 Production .3 4.3 Commercial uses.4 5 Helium 4 5.1 Properties4 5.2 Production .4 5.3 Commercial uses.4 6 Oxygen-deficient atmospheres.5 7 Inert gas containers6 7.1 Regulations6 7.2 Cylinders7 7.3 Tank cars.8 7.4 Highway vehicles.8 8 High pressure inert gas
12、 cylinders.9 8.1 Storage and handling 9 8.2 Use10 8.3 Disposition of empty cylinders.11 9 Estimating container contents 11 9.1 Gas cylinders.11 9.2 Liquid cylinders11 10 Liquefied inert gases11 10.1 Storage and handling 11 10.2 Handling liquefied inert gases in transfer systems or in open containers
13、13 11 Storing, handling, and using liquefied inert gas cylinders 13 11.1 General rules.13 11.2 Filling.14 11.3 Moving cylinders14 11.4 Storage and use of cylinders.14 11.5 Disposition of empty cylinders.15 12 Inert gas piping and manifold systems.15 13 Bulk inert gas systems .16 14 References.16 15
14、Additional reference .17 Tables Table 1Physical constants of argon.2 Table 2Physical constants of nitrogen.3 Table 3Physical constants of helium .5 -,-,- This page is intentionally blank. -,-,- CGA P-92008 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE 1 1 Introduction This publication is one of a series com
15、piled by CGA to provide information on the transportation, handling, and storage of compressed gases, cryogenic liquids, and related products. 2 Scope The purpose of this publication is to present information regarding the characteristics and handling of the three major inert gasesargon, nitrogen, a
16、nd helium. Requests for specialized technical information should be di- rected to any one of the manufacturers of these gases. The publication is intended primarily for users of the inert gases. Some of the requirements do not apply to the manufacturers or distributors of these gases. 3 Argon 3.1 Pr
17、operties Argon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless, monatomic gas that is a product of the radioactive decay of po- tassium 40 in the earths crust. About 1% of the atmosphere is argon (0.934% by volume). Argon is nontoxic, chemically inert, and only slightly soluble in water. It is nonflammable
18、and inhibits combus- tion. It can act as an asphyxiant by displacing the amount of oxygen necessary to support life. Argon gas is about 38% more dense than air. It can be liquefied to a colorless liquid that boils at 302.6 F (185.9 C) at atmospheric pressure. Liquid argon at its normal boiling point
19、 is 39% heavier than water. Above its critical temperature of 188.1 F (122.3 C), argon can exist only as a gas regardless of pressure. Argon is classed according to type and grade (quality verification level QVL). Gaseous argon is denoted as Type I and liquefied argon as Type II. The grade (QVL) ind
20、icates the maximum amount of impurities that can be present. Further details are given in CGA G-11.1, Commodity Specification for Argon 1.1 Some of the physical constants of argon are listed in Table 1. 3.2 Production The most common method of producing argon is by fractional distillation of liquid
21、air in an air separation plant. The crude liquid argon stream is purified to remove impurities consisting primarily of oxygen. The resulting ar- gon product is 99.99%+ pure. Argon is also recovered and purified from purge gas streams of ammonia plants. 3.3 Commercial uses The largest use of argon is
22、 in welding where it provides an inert gas shield to the arc, which prevents oxidation of the metals being welded. It has a number of important uses in metallurgical processes. In the argon-oxygen decarburizing process, oxygen is used to remove carbon, and the argon is used for “stirring” and remova
23、l of nitrogen. Basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) are bottom blown with argon as a stirring medium and to lower the ni- trogen content of the steel. Argon is used in continuous casting processes as an inert shield, in processes for degassing molten aluminum, and in the production of titanium sponge and all
24、oys. In the lighting industry, it is used to fill incandescent light bulbs and with other rare gases to fill special bulbs and display tubes for special color effects. Argon is used with other gases in Geiger counter tubes. In the electronic industry, argon is used in chemical vapor deposition, and
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