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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV 14383-2:2003 Prevention of crime Urban planning and design Part 2: Urban planning ICS 13.310; 91.020 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD ENV 14383-2:2003 This Draft
2、 for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 10 February 2004 BSI 10 February 2004 ISBN 0 580 43412 5 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of ENV 14383-2:2003. This publication is not to be regar
3、ded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature to give all countries the opportunity to compare experiences and to harmonize procedures. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experienc
4、e of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European Standard. A review of this publication will be initiated 2 years a
5、fter its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of
6、the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the prestandard or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Subcommittee B/209/10, Security of buildings against crime, at
7、British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references T
8、he British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standa
9、rds Online. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ENV title page, pages 2 to 47 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Li
10、censed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD PRNORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE VORNORM ENV 14383-2 December 2003 ICS 13.310; 91.020 English version Prevention of crime - Urban planning and desi
11、gn - Part 2: Urban planning Prvention de la malveillance - Urbanisme et conception des btiments - Partie 2: Urbanisme Vorbeugende Kriminalittsbekmpfung - Stadt- und Gebudeplanung - Teil 2: Stadtplannung This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 21 November 2002 as a prospective standard
12、 for provisional application. The period of validity of this ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to ann
13、ounce the existence of this ENV in the same way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the ENV i
14、nto an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN CO
15、MMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. ENV 14383-2:2003 E Licensed Copy: Lon
16、don South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ENV 14383-2:2003 (E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction.4 1Scope7 2Normative references7 3Terms and definitions.7 4Preliminary questions: the area, its crime problems and the stakeh
17、olders .7 4.1General7 4.2Where: Identification of the area.8 4.2.1Focus on urban environments8 4.2.2Level at which action can be taken.9 4.2.3Type of area11 4.3What: Problem identification .12 4.3.1Crime 12 4.3.2Fear of crime.13 4.4Who: Stakeholders13 4.5In sum: identification of where, what and who
18、14 5Urban Planning and Design Guidelines14 5.1Introduction14 5.2Three categories, 15 strategies, more than 100 measures 15 5.2.1General .15 5.2.2Urban planning strategies.15 5.2.3Urban design strategies16 5.2.4Management strategies 16 5.3How to choose the strategies16 6Process to prevent and reduce
19、crime problems by urban planning and management.17 6.1General17 6.2Responsible body, mission Statement, working group.18 6.2.1General .18 6.2.2Mission statement.18 6.2.3Working group.18 6.2.4The planning document of the working group 19 6.2.5Consultation mechanisms.19 6.3Steps to be taken 19 6.3.1St
20、ep 1: Crime review or crime assessment19 6.3.2Step 2: Objectives/requirements.20 6.3.3Step 3: Plan 20 6.3.4Step 4: Decision by responsible body.21 6.3.5Step 5: Action and implementation.21 6.3.6Step 6: Monitor, audit and corrective action .21 6.4Flow chart21 Annex A (informative) Assessment of crime
21、 preventive and fear reducing features of a plan for a new area23 Annex B (informative) Crime review: problem identification in an existing area.27 Annex C (informative) Fear of crime29 Annex D (informative) Problem x strategy/measure matrices for 8 types of environment .31 Licensed Copy: London Sou
22、th Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ENV 14383-2:2003 (E) 3 Foreword This document (ENV 14383-2:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 325 Prevention of crime by urban planning and building design. The secreta
23、riat of which is held by DS until October 2002 and since then held by SNV. The status of European Prestandard (ENV) was proposed to give all countries the opportunity to compare experiences and to harmonise procedures. This European Prestandard is one of a series for the “Prevention of crime by urba
24、n planning and building design”, that consists of the following Parts: Part 1: Terminology. Part 2: Urban planning. Part 3: Dwellings. Part 4: Offices and Shops. In the European Prestandard the Annexes A to D are informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards
25、organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this European Prestandard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Unit
26、ed Kingdom. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ENV 14383-2:2003 (E) 4 Introduction Crime and fear of crime as major problems The European Urban Charter asserts the basic right for citizens of Europ
27、ean towns to “a secure and safe town free, as far as possible, from crime, delinquency and aggression“. This basic right to a safe community has been enshrined into many national and local crime reduction programs all over Europe. The final declaration of an International Conference1) organised by t
28、he Council of Europes Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE; Erfurt 26.-28. February 1997) stated: “that crime, fear of crime and urban insecurity in Europe are major problems affecting the public () and that finding satisfactory solutions for them is one of the main keys to ci
29、vic peace and stability.“ The first recommendation from this conference was that local and regional authorities in Europe develop integrated crime reduction action plans, with continuing public involvement, in which crime reduction is included as a policy in all aspects of the responsibilities of lo
30、cal authorities. Such a plan should define the nature and type of crime to be tackled, objectives, timetable, proposals for action and be based on a wide ranging up-to-date survey of statistics and diagnosis of crime. In this respect the CLRAE conference in Erfurt also stressed the importance to pro
31、mote collaboration between the police and professional designers and ensure that police officers are specially trained to advise on the relationship between crime and the built environment“. Crime prevention and fear reduction by urban planning and building design The Justice and Home Affairs counci
32、l of the European Union (meeting 15-03-2001) agreed politically on the conclusion of the EU experts Conference Towards a knowledge-based strategy to prevent crime (Sundsvall, Sweden, 21.-23. February 2001). This conference concluded that “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, or Designing o
33、ut Crime (CPTED/DOC), has proven to be a useful, effective, very concrete and feasible strategy to prevent crime and feelings of insecurity, integrated in a multidisciplinary approach. Best practices regarding CPTED/DOC should be collected, evaluated and made accessible for stakeholders. This proces
34、s should utilise a common framework of concepts and processes, and transferable principles should be identified“. This conference also underlined “as regards prevention of the fear of crime, that the fear of crime should be viewed and treated as a social problem in its own right“. Statements and rec
35、ommendations about the collaboration between environmental design/planning specialists and crime experts are becoming more and more common nowadays in European countries. These statements and recommendations are based on assumptions regarding the inter-relationships between the physical environment
36、and human behaviour. It is obvious that the results of urban planning and architecture do influence the choice of conduct and choice of routes of all people (young/old, woman/man, potential offender/potential victim). Hence urban planning also has an impact on crime and fear of crime by influencing
37、the conduct and attitudes of e.g. offenders; formal guardians such as police; informal guardians such as residents surveying an environment; 1) Crime and Urban insecurity: the role and responsibilities of local and regional authorities. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank
38、University, Sun Dec 10 14:15:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ENV 14383-2:2003 (E) 5 potential victims (and/or targets) of crime or victims of fear of crime. A great number of experiments have shown that particular types of crime can be reduced by modifying the opportunity for crime in
39、the built environment. Moving the night-time tavern crowd away from vacant storefronts after closing time will inevitably reduce the number of burglaries and vandalism incidents to the stores. Controlling the access into, and natural sightlines through, underground parking areas will increase the op
40、portunity for offenders to be seen and caught. This in turn will reduce the number of assaults and car crimes in those parking areas. The list of successful opportunity reduction examples goes on. In Canada and the USA this has come to be known as crime prevention through environmental design CPTED
41、(pronounced sep-ted)2). In Europe the concept is also known as the reduction of crime and fear of crime by urban planning and architectural design. In short, “Designing out crime“3). There are numerous examples of housing projects where bad design has contributed to the general decay and decline of
42、urban areas. Badly designed housing estates have been rebuilt with thought and consideration to diminish criminal opportunity. In many cases after the refurbishment residents have wished to return to the estates where before they had left as they feared for their safety. New estates and housing proj
43、ects are now incorporating good crime prevention features at the design stage. Shopping centres are another building category that is benefiting from good planning ideas. The siting of the centre, car parks and transport infrastructure are all being incorporated at design stage to accommodate good d
44、esign features. Supermarkets are also adopting designing out crime measures to reduce both internal theft as well as crime committed by customers. Researchers have identified reductions in crime following, for example, the introduction of design changes in large municipal housing estates. There is a
45、lso overwhelming evidence concerning fear and the built environment, e.g. pedestrian subways, lack of surveillance, and particularly the level of lighting and dark streets. Similar parallels can be drawn with regard to vandalism. When questioned, offenders (and victims) of burglary, car theft and ra
46、pe/assault, have all mentioned environmental/design factors. The research findings show that the feelings of insecurity of victims are clearly related to the very same features of the place that attract offenders to commit a crime. No wonder more and more local and regional authorities in Europe are
47、 now insisting on planning applications showing proof that the principles of crime prevention and fear reduction by urban planning and building design have been adopted. Conclusion The conclusion from the literature, research and project or policy evaluations can be summarised as follows: 1) urban p
48、lanning has an impact on the different types of crime and fear of crime by influencing the conduct, attitudes, choices and feelings of e.g. offenders, victims, residents, police; 2) crime can be subdivided in specific types (burglary, vandalism etc.); 3) crime and fear of crime are different phenome
49、na; 4) fear of crime is an important issue but it has to be separated from a much broader set of feelings people have about the whole of their living space and about the degree to which they feel deprived of a good social and physical environment to live in; 5) a securer and safer city or neighbourhood is the result of a safety policy aiming at the physical and social environment; 2) The concept of CPTED is also used in the world wide association of researchers, speciali
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