Encyclopedia of Early Cinema(Part W) .pdf
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1、 W Wales The arrival of the Edison Kinetoscope brought moving pictures to Wales where photography had flourished in the 19th century with the pioneering work of John Dilwyn Llewellyn, John Thomas, and Rev. Richard Calvert Jones. Two Kinetoscopes appeared in November 1894 at the Philharmonic Hall, Ca
2、rdiff, managed by Oswald Stoll (later to run Britains biggest film studios in the 1920s), and three machines were installed at a venue in Swansea in 1895. In April 1896, London- based Birt Acres projected the first moving pictures in Wales at a Cardiff Photographic Society private show. On May 5one
3、week before Felicien Trewey presented the Cinmatographe Lumire at Cardiffs Empire music hallAcres opened the first commercial moving picture show in Wales at the Cardiff Fine Art, Industrial and Maritime exhibition in Cathays Park. On June 27, he shot the first Welsh filma visit of the Prince of Wal
4、es to the exhibition. R.W.Paul (or his representative) also shot Cardiff street scenes in 1896. Faced with fierce religious opposition, especially in rural areas, moving pictures gained popularity relatively slowly in Wales; by 1910, however, 162 venues were screening films. Before 1911 and 1912, wh
5、en permanent cinemas became common, most residents of the industrialized south or rural mid and north Wales first experienced moving pictures in fair/fairground bioscopes or in music halls. In the heyday of itinerant exhibitors, bioscopes run by Welsh-based families of fairground showmen notably, St
6、udt, Danter, Haggar, White, Dooner, Crecraft, and Wadbrookcompeted for business at the great Welsh fairs in Neath, Portfield at Haverfordwest, and Pembroke. The flourishing bioscope era coincided with the career of eminent Welsh-based filmmaker William Haggar. In the larger townsCardiff, Newport, an
7、d Swansea moving pictures were first shown at Stolls Empire music halls. Indigenous filmmaking began in 1898, with actualits shot by Arthur Cheetham, and continued with fiction films made by Haggar and showman John Codman (c. 1905 1909). Yet despite Haggars achievements, in particular, Wales remaine
8、d largely barren of “home” filmmakers in the pre-1914 period. Popular news events or actualit films of the early 1910s featured renowned Welsh boxers Freddie Welsh, Peerless Jim Driscoll and world flyweight champion Jimmy Wilde, as well as the charismatic politician, “Welsh wizard” David Lloyd Georg
9、e (Prime Minister, 19161922). Although mining was the principal industry, early newsreels rarely hinted at the realities or turbulence of coal field or quarry life. Encyclopedia of early cinema 984 Fiction films set in Wales but made by either London film companies or units of US studios, immediatel
10、y post-Haggar, were mainly bucolic romances. Almost all are lost, including the intriguing feature directed by Henry Edwards, A Welsh Singer (1915), one of three films adapted from novels by Welsh writer Allen Raine and starring the former “Vitagraph Girl,” Florence Turner. William Haggar Jr.s featu
11、re, The Maid of Cefn Ydfa (1913) survives in truncated form, and some extant actualits make impressive use of photogenic Welsh locationse.g., British Mutascope and Biographs Phantom Train Ride to Conway Castle (1898) and Charles Urban Tradings North Wales, England: Land of Castles and Waterfalls (19
12、07). DAVE BERRY Further reading Berry, David (1994) Wales and Cinema: The First 100 Years, University of Wales Press. Curtis, Tony (ed.) (1986) Wales, The Imagined Nation, Poetry Wales Press. Walker, William b. ?; d. 1937 bookseller, optical lanternist, filmmaker, Scotland In 1896, Walker purchased
13、a set of moving pictures to augment his magic lantern shows. The following year, he hired cameramen Paul Robello and Joe Gray to film local subjects, using a Wrench camera. In 1898, Walker was called to Balmoral to present his films to Queen Victoria, the first of thirteen such presentations, earnin
14、g his company, Walkers Cinematograph, the epithet “Royal.” He produced a large number of actualits and news event films thereafter, the most ambitious being Aberdeen University Quatercentenary (1906). The business folded in 1911, whereupon Walker severed his ties with moving pictures. JANET McBAIN W
15、althall, Henry B. b. 1878; d. 1936 actor, USA One of the most popular and respected actors of the period, Walthall achieved his greatest fame as the “Little Colonel” in D.W.Griffiths The Birth of a Nation (1915). He had worked with Griffith since 1909 at the Biograph Company where he played the lead
16、 in numerous one-reelers and became skilfully adept at performing the new more Entries A-Z 985 “realistic” acting style, which was then replacing the older “theatrical” style. In 1913, he also starred as Holofernes in Griffiths first four-reel film, Judith of Bethulia. ROBERTA E.PEARSON Walturdaw Wa
17、lturdaw Company was formed out of the surnames of J.D.Walker, E.G.Turner and G.H.Dawson. Walker and Turner had toured Britain with Edison Kinetoscopes and phonographs in 1896, before graduating to cinema shows and, thereafter, to renting out their large collection of films. Joined by Dawson (a teach
18、er and former customer), they formed the Walturdaw Company in 1904 and effectively pioneered film distribution in Britain. Walturdaw moved into film production the following year, and in 1907 launched its Cinematophone synchronized sound film system. Yet renting remained at the heart of the companys
19、 business until the mid-1920s, when it turned to the supply of film equipment, where it was modestly successful for a number of decades. See also: distribution: Europe LUKE McKERNAN Warner brothers Harry (Hirsch): b. 1881; d. 1958 Albert: b. 1884; d. 1967 Sam: b. 1888; d. 1927 Jack (Jacob): b. 1892;
20、 d. 1978 exhibitors, distributors, producers, executives, USA In 1895, the Polish immigrant Warner family settled in Youngstown, Ohio. After brothers Harry and Sam spent months touring moving pictures in eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, they opened a nickelodeon in New Castle in 1907. Soon, al
21、ong with brother Albert, they built up a circuit of theaters and opened a rental exchange, Duquesne Amusement he was replaced by G.A.Smith, whose creative trick films also were handled by Warwick. Clashes with Maguire d. 1942 exhibitor, producer, executive, US Waters entered the film business in all
22、iance with Edison Manufacturing, as founder of the Kinetograph Company, which provided an exhibition service to vaudeville houses in the Northeast and Canada. With the rise of nickelodeons, the company turned into a rental exchange. By 1910, Waters was general manager of the General Film Company, an
23、d a major stockholder. Along with J.J.Kennedy, he resigned in 1912 to form a second Kinetograph Company, which briefly competed as a distributor of Motion Picture Patents Company films. In 1914, Waters returned to General Film, but soon left to become president of the Triangle Film Corporation. RICH
24、ARD ABEL Encyclopedia of early cinema 988 wax museums: Europe Wax museums flourished throughout Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and functioned as significant presentation venues for many late 19th-century media practices, including early forms of motion pictures. The later rise of narrative cinema tur
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