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1、ENGINEERING STANDARDS Material Specification Metals INACTIVE GM6096M Selections and Use of Covered Mild Steel Electrodes for Sheilded Metal Arc Welding Copyright 2002 General Motors Corporation All Rights Reserved December 2002 Originating Department: North American Engineering Standards, Records an
2、d Documentation Page 1 of 1 1 Scope This specification is inactive with no replacement. 2 References None. 3 Requirements Subparagraphs were not applicable. 4 Manufacturing Process Subparagraphs were not applicable. 5 Rules and Regulations Subparagraphs were not applicable. 6 Approved Sources Not ap
3、plicable. 7 Coding System Not applicable. 8 Release and Revisions 8.1 Release. This material specifications was first published in November 1945. 8.2 Revisions. Rev.DateDescription (Organization) BAPR 1989Editorial Revision (GMNA) CDEC 2002Inactive (CRW) GM GMb09bM 89 - 9006379 0008429 968 W I GENER
4、AL MOTORS ENGINEERING STANDARDS I Materials and Processes - Metals I SELECTION AND USE OF COVERED MILD STEEL ELECTRODES (SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING) GM6096M 1 CLASSIFICATION. Covered mild steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding are classified on the basis of certain mechanical properties of
5、the as-welded deposited weld metal, the position in which the electrode is capable of making satis- factory welds, the current required for the electrode and the type of covering on the electrode; for example: Tmileatreqthin1OOOpd 2 DESCRIPTIONS AND INTENDED USE. 2.1 E6010: Classification E6010 elec
6、trodes are designed to produce the best possible mechanical properties consistent with good usability characteristics in all welding positions. They are characterized by a deeply penetrating, forceful, spray-type arc and readily removeable, thin, friable slag which may not seem to completely cover t
7、he deposit. Fillet welds are usually relatively flat in profile and have a rather coarse, unevenly spaced ripple. The coverings are high in cellulose, usually exceeding 30% by weight. The other materials gener- ally used in the covering include titanium dioxide, various types of magnesium or aluminu
8、m silicates, metallic deoxidiz- ers such as ferromanganese, and liquid sodium silicate. Because of the covering composition these electrodes are gen- erally classified as the high cellulose sodium type. These electrodes (or E6011) are recommended for all position work where the quality of the deposi
9、t is of greatest impor- tance, particularly on multiple pass applications in the vertical and overhead positions, where radiographic requirements must be met. The majority of applications for these electrodes is on mild steel. However, they have been used to advantage on galva- nized plate and on so
10、me low-alloy steels. Typical applications include shipbuilding, structures such as buildings and bridges, storage tanks, piping, and pressure vessel fittings. Since the applications are so widespread, a discussion of each is imprac- tical. Sizes larger than 3/16 inch are not generally used in all po
11、sitions. Generally speaking, the maximum currents that can be used with the larger sizes of these electrodes are somewhat limited as compared to other classifications due to the high spatter loss that occurs with high currents, 2.2 E6011: Classification E6011 electrodes are designed to duplicate the
12、 usability characteristics and mechanical proper- ties of the E6010 classification using ac as the source of power. Although also usable with dc, reverse polarity, a sacri- fice in usability characteristics will be noted when compared to the E6010 electrodes. Penetration, arc action, slag, and fille
13、t weld appearance are very similar to that of the E6010 classifl- cation of electrodes. The coverings are also high in cellulose and are designated as the high cellulose potassium type. In addition to the other ingredients usually found in the E6010 electrode coverings, small quantities of calcium a
14、nd potassium are usually present. Like the E6010 electrodes, sizes larger than 3116 inch are not generally used in all positions. The current and voltage ranges usually recommended are identical to those of the E6010 elec- trode. As in the case of E6010 electrodes, high currents result in high spatt
15、er loss. Usually the ductility, tensile strength, and yield strength are higher than obtained with E6010 electrodes. 2.3 E6012: Classification E6012 electrodes are characterized by medium penetration, a rather quiet type of arc, slight spat- ter, and dense slag completely covering the deposit. The c
16、overings are high in titania, usually exceeding 35% by weight, which accounts for these coverings usually being referred to as the titania or rutile type. In addition, the cover- ings usually contain various silicious materials such as feldspar and clay, small amounts of cellulose, ferromanganese, a
17、nd sodium silicate as a binder. Also, small amounts of calcium compounds may be used to produce satisfactory arc character- istics on straight polarity. Whereas single pass welds may meet radiographic requirements, multipass welds fall far short. Generally speaking, fillet welds tend to be convex in
18、 profile, having a smooth, even ripple in the horizontal position and a widely spaced convex ripple in the vertical position which becomes smoother and more uniform as the size of the weld is increased. Ordinarily, a larger size fillet must be made in the vertical and overhead positions than with el
19、ectrodes of the E6010 and E6011 classifications of the same diameter, if good fusion and profile are to be obtained. Although E6012 electrodes are considered as all-position elec- trodes, far greater tonnages of them are used in the flat and horizontal positions than in the vertical and overhead pos
20、i- tions. They are especially recommended for single pass, high speed, high-current, horizontal fillet welds. Ease of handling, good fillet weld profile, and ability to withstand high current and to bridge gaps under conditions of poor fit up make them very well suited to this type of work. When use
21、d for vertical and overhead welding, the electrode size used is frequently 1 size smaller than would be used if an E6010 or E6011 elec- trode were used. 0 CcppigM APRIL 1999 General Motors Corporation All Rights Reserved APRIL 1989 PAGE 1 6096M Gfl GMb09bM 89 = 9006379 0008430 bBT m I GENERAL MOTORS
22、 ENGINEERING STANDARDS I Materials and Processes - Metals 1 SELECTION AND USE OF COVERED MILD STEEL ELECTRODES (SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING) GM6096M These electrodes have been used to advantage on many low alloy steels, particularly of the higher carbon varieties. This is probably due to the fact tha
23、t the penetration obtained, although adequate, is by no means that obtained with the E6010 or E6011 classifications. As a result, the pickup of alloying ingre- dients is not as great, which undoubtedly has a beneficial effect from the standpoint of cracking. The weld metal deposited by these electro
24、des is lower in duc- tility and higher in yield strength than weld metal from either the E6010 or E6011 classification of electrodes. 2.4 E6013: Classification E6013 electrodes, although very similar to the E6012 electrodes, possess some worthwhile dif- ferences. Slag removal is somewhat better and
25、the arc can be established and maintained more readily, particularly in the case of the small diameters (l/16, S/64, and 3/32), thus perrnit- ting satisfactory operation with lower open circuit voltage. Originally, these electrodes were designed specifically for light sheet metal work. However, the
26、larger diameters are being used on many applications previously welded with classifica- tion E6012 electrodes. Even less penetration is obtained than with the E6012 classification of electrodes. The coverings used are very similar to those employed with E6012 electrodes containing retile, silicious
27、materials, cellu- lose, ferromanganese, and liquid silicate binders. An important difference is that easily ionized materials are incorporated in the coverings which permits the establishment and mainte- nance of an arc with alternating current at low welding currents and low open circuit voltages.
28、They are similar to the E6012 electrodes in operation and appearance of deposit. The arc action tends to be quieter, the bead surface smoother and with finer ripple. The different brands of E6013 electrodes have varied characteristics. Some of these electrodes are usually recommended for sheet metal
29、 applications where their ability to weld satisfactorily in the vertical position from the top down is an advantage. Others with a more fluid slag are in part replacing E6012 electrodes for horizontal fillet welds and other general purpose welding. Rather than the convex contour, characteristic of t
30、he classifica- tion E6012 electrodes, these electrodes produce a flat fillet weld similar to that of the E6020 electrode classification. They are also readily usable in making groove welds, because of the concave bead shape and easily removed slag. In addition, the weld metal is definitely freer of
31、slag and oxide inclusions than E6012 weld metal and the radiographic quality is better. In fact, the radiographic quality of welds made with the smaller diameter E6013 electrodes often meets the Grade I require- ment of this specification. Ordinarily, the high welding currents possible with the clas
32、sifi- cation E6012 electrodes cannot be used. When welding in the vertical and overhead positions, however, the current and volt- age will be very similar. 2.5 E7014: Classification E7014 electrodes have coverings of materials similar to E6012 and E6013 electrodes with the addition of iron powder. T
33、he amount of covering and the per- centage of iron powder in the covering are usually less than those of E7024 electrodes. The characteristics of the E7014 electrodes are a compromise between the E6013 and E7024 electrodes. The deposition rate is higher than that of the E6013 electrodes but is not a
34、s high as that obtained with E7024 electrodes. The amount and character of the slag permit the E7014 electrodes to be used in all-posi- tion welding. They are more versatile than the E7024 electrodes, but not as versatile as the E6012 and E6013 elec- trodes. The E7014 electrodes are suitable for wel
35、ding mild and low- alloy steels. Typical weld beads are smooth with fine ripples. Penetration is approximately the same as that obtained with E6012 electrodes, which is advantageous when welding over gaps due to poor fit up. The profile of fillet welds tends to be flat to slightly convex. The slag i
36、s easily removed, self-clean- ing in many cases. The usable currents for E7014 electrodes are higher than for E6012 and E6013 electrodes, 2.6 E7015: Classification E7015 electrodes are commonly known as low hydrogen electrodes and are used with reverse polarity direct current. They have coverings hi
37、gh in limestone and other ingredients low in hydrogen content which form a basis slag. They were developed for welding higher strength, high-carbon, alloy steels in which the electrodes other than low-hydrogen electrodes produce phenomena known as under- bead cracking. These underbead cracks occur i
38、n the base metal usually just below the weld metal and are caused by the hydro- gen absorbed from the arc atmosphere. The elimination of hydrogen with its consequent underbead cracking permits the welding of difficult to weld steels with less preheat than required for non low-hydrogen electrodes, th
39、us making for better welding conditions. Although these cracks do not occur in mild steels, they may occur whenever a non low-hydrogen electrode is used on high tensile steels. Another use for the E7015 classification of electrodes is the welding of high sulfur steels. The non low-hydrogen electrode
40、 deposits on these steels (which contain 0.10 to 0.25% sulfur) are badly honeycombed. The E7015 classification of elec- trodes can be used to weld these steels with less difficulty. Their arc is moderately penetrating. Their slag is heavy, fria- ble, and easily removed and the deposited weld metal l
41、ies in a flat bead or may even be slightly convex. E7015 electrodes are used in all positions up to and including 5132 inch dia. The larger diameters are useful for fillet welds in the horizontal and flat positions. Generally speaking, the currents used with these electrodes are higher than those re
42、commended for E6010 electrodes of the same diameter. It is recommended that as short an arc as possi- ble be maintained for all positions of welding in order to get best results. The reduced tendency for underbead cracking and 0 Copyright APRIL 1989 General Motors Corporation All Rights Resewed 6096
43、M PAGE 2 APRIL 1989 -,-,- GM GMbO=lbM 89 - 9006379 0008433 516 - GENERAL MOTORS ENGINEERING STANDARDS Materials and Processes - Metals SELECTION AND USE OF COVERED MILD STEEL ELECTRODES (SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING) GM6096M the quality of as-welded deposits of these electrodes should materially reduc
44、e the necessity of preheat and postheat of weldments, thus making for better welding conditions. These electrodes were originally developed for the welding of hardenable steels and, in addition to their use on alloy steels, high carbon steels, and high sulfur steels, they have been found useful on m
45、alleable iron, spring steels, and the mild steel side of clad plates. These electrodes are commonly used for making small welds on heavy sections since they are less susceptible to cracking than non low hydrogen electrodes. Another extensive use has been in the welding of steels which will subsequen
46、tly be enameled and in all those steels which contain selenium. 2.7 E7016: Classification E7016 electrodes have all the char- acteristics of the E7015 electrodes. The core wire and coverings are very similar except for the use of a certain amount of potassium silicate or other potassium salts in the
47、 coverings of the E7016 electrodes to facilitate their use on ac. All that has been said of the E7015 electrodes applies equally well to the E7016 electrodes. 2.8 E7018: Classification E7018 electrodes have coverings containing high percentages of iron powder in combination with low hydrogen ingredi
48、ents similar to those commonly used in E7015 and E7016 electrodes. As a rule, the coverings on these electrodes are slightly thicker than those of the E7015 and E7016 electrodes. The iron powder in the covering usually amounts to between 25 and 40% of the covering weight. These low hydrogen electrod
49、es are usable with both ac and dc, reverse polarity. They are designed for the same applications as the E7015 electrodes. As is common with all low hydrogen electrodes, a short arc should bc maintained at all times. In addition to their use for mild steel, the E7018 electrodes are well suited for fillet welds in high-strength, high-carbon, or alloy steels. The fillet welds made in the horizontal and flat positions are slightly convex in profile, with a smooth and finely rippled surface. The electrodes are characterized by a smooth, quiet arc, very
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