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1、HB 241992 Handbook SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 14 Apr 2008 CopyrightSTANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Ac
2、t allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropria
3、te royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-house by purcha
4、sers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
5、Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software prog
6、rams to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 14 Apr 2008 SABC SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTIO
7、N A COLLECTION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND LETTER SYMBOLS EXTRACTED FROM CURRENT AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION FIRST EDITION Prepared by Hans J. Milton B.Arch.(Hons), M.Bdg.Sc., M.B.A., FRAIA Standards Australia Sydney, Australia July 1992 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUST
8、RALIA on 14 Apr 2008 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Forewordi Introductionii Definitionsii Notes on Arrangement and Typographyiii Recommendations to Users of the Handbookiv User Resposeiv Section 1Decoding of Abbreviations Used in Building and Construc
9、tion Drawings and Text1 Section 2Encoding of Abbreviations for Use in Building and Construction Drawings and Text37 Section 3Acronyms of Organizations Referenced in Australian Building and Construction Standards82 Section 3aDecoding of Organizational Acronyms82 Section 3bEncoding of Organizational A
10、cronyms84 Section 4Letter Symbols for Metric (SI) Units of Measurement Used in Building and Construction85 Section 4aDecoding of Metric (SI) Unit Symbols86 Section 4bEncoding of Metric (SI) Unit Symbols91 Section 5Letter Symbols for Chemical Elements and Compounds95 Section 5aDecoding of Symbols for
11、 Chemical Elements and Compounds96 Section 5bCorrect Symbols for Chemical Elements or Compounds98 Section 6Notation for Physical Quantities Used in Engineering and Building Science (Roman and Greek Letter Symbols)101 Section 6aDecoding of Notation for Physical Quantities102 Section 6bPhysical Quanti
12、ties and Quantity Symbols for Use in Engineering and Building Science108 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 14 Apr 2008 FOREWORD The development and use of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols, as a form of shorthand to convey information, has grown enormously during the past half century.
13、It has even been described as one of the fastest growth industries in the world today. Designed to provide shortcuts in written material, drawings and speech, abbreviations and symbols have proliferated in all languages. In the English language alone there are hundreds of dictionaries and books devo
14、ted entirely to abbreviations, acronyms and symbols and their decoding and encoding. Governments and their bureaucracies on one hand, and scientists and technologists on the other, have been the main originators of new abbreviations and acronyms to replace lengthy terms with representative and often
15、 catchy “miniwords”.Modern English even includes some words that started out as abbreviations or acronyms. One of the best examples is the word laser which is a 5-letter abbreviation for the seven-word term l(ight) a(mplification by) s(timulated) e(mission of)r(adiation), thus replacing 55 lettersan
16、d spaces. Great efforts have been made to standardize language-independent symbols internationally, for example symbols for units of measurement, notation for physical quantities, chemical symbols, and other technical information symbols. Contemporary literature, drawings and conversations continue
17、to be filled with numerous, often undefined, abbreviations, acronyms, appellations, contractions, initialisms, and a variety of letter-based and graphical symbols as communication shortcuts. All too often readers, viewers or listeners have problems in interpreting meanings expressed in abbreviated f
18、orm and, at times, this can lead to real misunderstandings or even costly errors. Not surprisingly, the shorthand used by one profession, discipline or industry is frequently completely baffling to others outside that area. The building and construction environment has always had a penchant for the
19、use of shorthand in communication, from the colloquial use of “reo” for reinforcement, “ag pipe” for agricultural pipe, and “RSJ” for almost any kind of steel beam to a multitude of abbreviations and symbols on drawings and in text. Abbreviations and symbols are even included in the titles of some A
20、ustralian Standards, with typical examples such as LP, PB, PVC, SI and UPVC, and the symbol kV. Throughout its seventy-year history, Standards Australia has endeavoured to bring about the rationalization of products, processes and services and establish quantitative as well as qualitative standards
21、suitable for nationwide adoption. In that undertaking, many standards-writing committees have acted in good faith, although at times unilaterally, by contributing extensively to the catalogue of abbreviations and symbols. In line with other efforts to rationalize and simplify communication, it is an
22、 opportune time for a nationally recognized “standard” document on the use and interpretation of abbreviations and symbols in building and construction.Standards Australia has embarked on the firststage of such a project by arranging for the extraction, from some nine hundred national standards, of
23、those abbreviations, acronyms and symbols that are relevant to the building and construction industries.The extracted material has been presented in a form suitable as a desk-reference handbook. While there isa multitude of other English-language abbreviations, acronyms and symbols foruse in buildin
24、g design, construction, and related product manufacture or testing, it was decided that the first edition of this handbook should concentrate entirely on abbreviations and symbols found in Australian Standards. Therefore, every entry in the handbook can be traced back to relevant Australian Standard
25、s and, except for the listing of metric (SI) unit symbols, all entries are accompanied by a cross-reference to the source standard or standards unless there were too many different standards to allow individual identification. In a few instances, more than one abbreviation or symbol may be found in
26、which case preferences are indicated by showing the less preferred form in parentheses. Guidelines for the development and use of abbreviations, and good practice in document preparation, are also included. The handbook was prepared for Standards Australia by Hans J. Milton, B.Arch. (Hons), M.Bdg.Sc
27、., M.B.A., F.R.A.I.A. This handbook is envisaged as a dynamic document and all constructive comment on its layout and contents are welcome.Suggestions on additions or modifications to the range of abbreviations and symbols for construction can be made in relation to individual standards or the colle
28、ction presented in this handbook. Standard Symbols and Abbreviations for Building and Constructioni Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 14 Apr 2008 INTRODUCTION GENERAL Modern society at large and its day-to-day activities and increasingly complex processes would not be the same without abb
29、reviations, acronyms and symbols to convey information in shorthand form. Thousands of letter based abbreviations are in everyday use in Australia, and it is virtually impossible to avoid them.Their advantage is that they can save space and time in text, tables, drawings or speeches, especially wher
30、e the reader, viewer or listener is fully conversant with their meaning. They can also make reading easier by avoiding needless repetition of lengthy terms.However, the deficiencies of using abbreviations and symbols must also be acknowledged:unless they are clearly understood, they can introduce am
31、biguity and errors due to misinterpretation. For effective communication, writers and editors need to take note of, and adhere to, some simple rules for the use of abbreviations and symbols.Where an abbreviation or acronym is used several times in an article, document or speech, it should be spelt o
32、ut in full the first time it occurs and, preferably, at the start of each major section which might be interpreted in isolation.An even better practice, certainly for drawings and longer documents, is to include a schedule or “legend” of abbreviations and symbols. In books, technical papers and pamp
33、hlets this can be done either in the preliminary material or in an appendix. Some abbreviationsand symbols are so widely known and used that they need little interpretation. Problems arise, however, when an abbreviation can have several meanings, depending upon the context. In such instances the old
34、 axiom should be adhered to “When in doubt, spell it out”. DEFINITIONS Abbreviation Derived from the Latin word abbreviatio meaning shortening, an abbreviation is a shortened or contracted form of a word or a phrase comprising several words, used as a symbol for the entire term.In the context of thi
35、s document, an abbreviation includes an acronym and a contraction. Acronym Derived from a combination of the greek words akros (at the top or end) and onyma (name), an acronym is a shortened form, combining the initial letter or letters of a series of related words.An acronym is usually pronounced a
36、s a word.(Examples are:LASER, SONAR, AUBRCC) Contraction A contraction is a shortening of a word or phrase by the omission of medial (non-pronounced) letters or sounds; however, the last letter of the word must always be included. (Examples are: DEPT for department; PTY for proprietary) Shortened Fo
37、rms Truncations of words in combination are being used increasingly to provide easily recognizable and catchy names for corporations, activities, processes and products. While these shortened forms are usually longer than acronyms, they form a sub-class of abbreviations.(Examples include:NATSPEC for
38、 National Specification System; FORTRAN for formula translation) Symbols Symbolsare internationallyrecognizedrepresentationsofconcepts,suchas unitsof measurement, physical quantities, or chemical elements or compounds, using letters or graphic elements. Letters of the alphabet and numerals are, in t
39、hemselves, symbols. The keyboard and extended character sets for computers have a number of additional general symbols (, #, %, in some cases the major reference is shown listed followed by “and others”; in others the terms “various” is used to indicate the occurrence in a large number of standards.
40、 3.Order of Presentation (a)All terms, in the “decoding” and “encoding” sections are arranged in alphabetical order. (b)If the same abbreviation or acronym has several meanings, the various meanings are arranged alphabetically. (c)Lower case letters used as part of an abbreviation or symbol do not a
41、ffect its alphabetical position, but abbreviations shown entirely in lower case letters follow those in upper case. (d)Where abbreviations include a slash or solidus (/), they are listed last in the sequence of identical letters making up the abbreviation. (e)Where abbreviations or acronyms include
42、an ampersand ( direct current (DC, d.c.); root-mean-square (RMS, r.m.s.); and the like. 5.Symbols and Notation (a)Symbols for units of measurement and chemical elements or compounds are internationally agreed and do not have a full stop behind them unless they occur at the end of a sentence. (b)Nota
43、tion used to indicate physical quantities in engineering formulae and calculations is shown in italics, with superscripts and subscripts as appropriate.Letters of the Roman and Greek alphabet are used, with Roman letter symbols preceding Greek letter symbols. Standard Symbols and Abbreviations for B
44、uilding and Constructioniii Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 14 Apr 2008 RECOMMENDATIONS TO USERS OF THE HANDBOOK The Handbook has two principal purposes:firstly, to enable users to interpret (decode) abbreviations and symbols found in technical literature and drawings; and secondly, to
45、ensure the use of preferred abbreviations and correct symbols when preparing or editing technical documents, or producing drawings for building and construction applications. The following recommendations have been developed to assist writers,editors, draftspersons and others in choosing preferred a
46、bbreviations, acronyms or symbols when producing documents, and thus avoid confusion or ambiguity. For best results, a number of basic rules should be observed: a)Where abbreviationsand/or symbols are to be used, they should be selected from an authoritative source, such as this handbook, in prefere
47、nce to choosing them from random lists. Most importantly,writers and draftspersonsshouldnot inventtheirown versions of abbreviations or symbols; such an approach is almost certain to lead to confusion and, potentially, to costly errors by users. b)Where more than one abbreviation may be used to repr
48、esent a term (e.g. a short version and a longer version), the abbreviation which contributes most to the overall understanding of the document or drawing should be used. c)Abbreviations should be shown in capital letters, without full stops or other punctuation marks, unless surrounding text require
49、s upper/lower case or lower case letters. Where lower case letter versions of abbreviations are used, they may include full stops at the end of the abbreviation or its components to distinguish them and avoid misinterpretation. d)Symbols should always be shown in their internationally recognized form. Symbols for units of measurement and engineering notation should follow the recommendations of the AS 2900 series (which is identical with the ISO 31 series) as well as examples outlined in major reference standards, such as AS 1000, AS 3600, and AS 4100.Symbols should not have a ful
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