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1、 IBISWorld Industry Report 08 March 2011 Global Coal Mining: B0511-GL DISCLAIMER This product has been supplied by IBISWorld Inc. (IBISWorld) solely for use by its authorized licenses strictly in accordance with their license agreements with IBISWorld. IBISWorld makes no representation to any person
2、 with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the data or information contained herein, and it accepts no responsibility and disclaims all liability (save for liability which cannot be lawfully disclaimed) for loss or damage whatsoever suffered or incurred by any other person resulting from the us
3、e of, or reliance upon, the data or information contained herein. Copyright in this publication is owned by IBISWorld Inc. The publication is sold on the basis that the purchaser agrees not to copy the material contained within it for other than the purchasers own purposes. In the event that the pur
4、chaser uses or quotes from the material in this publication - in papers, reports, or opinions prepared for any other person - it is agreed that it will be sourced to: IBISWorld Inc. Contents Industry Definition.3 ACTIVITIES (PRODUCTS AND SERVICES) 3 SIMILAR INDUSTRIES3 DEMAND strip mining, culm bank
5、 (coal refuse pile) mining, and other surface mining. Firms in the industry may also develop coal mine sites and prepare the coal for sale by washing, screening and sizing it. ACTIVITIES (PRODUCTS AND SERVICES) The primary activities of this industry are: Mining and agglomerating black coal Mining a
6、nd agglomerating lignite The major products and services in this industry are: Thermal coal Coking coal Brown coal SIMILAR INDUSTRIES Industry: B0531-GL - Global Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Description: Companies in this industry produce fuels that compete with coal in some markets. Indus
7、try: B0634-GL - Global Uranium and Related Mining Description: Firms in this industry produce fuel that competes with coal in some markets. DEMAND 0% of the worlds annual coal production and is also the third-largest coal consuming country (again behind the China and the United States). More than ha
8、lf Indias energy needs are met by coal and about 70% of Indias electricity generation is coal-fired. Although local coal production is able to satisfy most of Indias demand for thermal coal, less than 5.0% of its reserves are of coking coal. As a result, Indias steel industry imports coking coal, ma
9、inly from Australia. Oceania Oceanias coal production is expected to be about 490 million metric tons in 2011. Almost all output comes from Australia, which is the fourth largest coal producing country worldwide. Australia has coal reserves amounting to about 85 billion metric tons, primarily locate
10、d along the eastern seaboard. SEGMENTATION Global Coal Mining 08 March 2011 Copyright 2011, IBISWorld Inc. 11 Australia is unusual amongst large coal producers in that it exports the bulk of its output. It is worlds largest net exporter of coal and dominates the seaborne trade in coking coal, accoun
11、ting for about 63% of the total. Australia is also the worlds largest exporter of thermal coal, accounting for about 19% of seaborne trade. Other regions Other regions account for relatively small shares of global coal production. However, there are some significant producers located in these areas.
12、 South Africa (in the Africa and the Middle East region) will produce about 280 million metric tons of coal in 2011. The country exports about one-quarter of its coal output, with most of the remainder used for electricity generation and the production of synthetic oil. Indonesia (South East Asia) i
13、s expected to produce about 340 million metric tons of coal in 2011. Virtually all output is thermal coal and the bulk of production is directed towards the export market. Colombia is the major coal producer in South America, accounting for about three quarters of that regions output or an expected
14、75 million metric tons in 2011. As with Indonesia, production is dominated by thermal coal and most of the coal mined is exported. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Global Coal Mining 08 March 2011 Copyright 2011, IBISWorld Inc. 12 Market Characteristics MARKET SIZE All financial information in this report is
15、in US dollars unless otherwise specified. The revenue of the Global Coal Mining industry is expected to be about $1.28 trillion in 2011, up from $519.8 billion in 2006. Industry revenue is expected to grow by 18.2% in 2011, having already rebounded by about 62.3% in 2010. The gains reflect higher de
16、mand and rising coal prices as the global financial crisis passed. The industry is expected to account for about 1.2% of total world GDP. Although there have been sharp fluctuations in performance over 2006 through 2011, the revenue generated by the global coal industry is expected to expand at an a
17、verage annual rate of about 19.7% in the five years through 2011. The main impetus for this growth was huge price gains in 2007 and, more particularly in 2008, as well as higher levels of output. Strong growth in large emerging nations such as China and India drove up the demand for coal. The profit
18、 generated by the industry is expected to be about $661.9 billion in 2011. Total coal production worldwide is expected to be about 7.5 billion metric tons in 2011 (compared with 6.2 billion metric tons in 2006). Most of this output (about 87% by volume and almost 97% by value) is black coal and the
19、remainder is lower value brown coal. Over one billion metric tons of coal, valued at about $177.3 billion is expected to be traded internationally in 2011. Trade occurs both within and between regions. Intraregional trade occurs mainly in Europe and, to a lesser extent, North Asia and North America.
20、 The major importing regions are North Asia and Europe, while the major exporting regions are Oceania, South-East Asia and Africa. The global coal industry is estimated to employ about 4.06 million people in 2011, paying wages amounting to about $61.4 billion. There are about 37,100 establishments a
21、nd 18,550 enterprises operating in the industry. Industry revenue is expected to expand solidly over the five years through 2016 reaching $1.55 trillion, rising at an average annual rate of about 3.9%. The large price gains made over the last five years are not expected to be repeated. LINKAGES Dema
22、nd Linkages C2311-GL - Global Iron and Steel Mills Blast furnaces use coking coal as an input to production C2911-GL - Other Global Manufacturing The cement and brick making industries use thermal coal as an input to production D3111-GL - Global Electric Utilities Thermal coal is the single most imp
23、ortant fuel used for electricity generation Supply Linkages C1921-GL - Global Basic Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing The Global Coal Mining Industry requires explosives (to remove soil) and chemicals for coal washing C2512-GL - Global Mining and Oil and Gas Field Equipment Manufacturing The Global
24、Coal Mining Industry makes use of a range of heavy equipment, including drag lines, underground transport vehicles, longwall miners, continuous miners, excavators and trucks MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Global Coal Mining 08 March 2011 Copyright 2011, IBISWorld Inc. 13 F4311-GL - Global Wholesale Trade Co
25、al may be sold directly or via wholesalers DEMAND DETERMINANTS This industry covers the mining of both black coal and brown coal (lignite). The global output of brown coal accounts for about 16% of total industry production by volume, although in value terms, its share is much smaller (about 9.0%).
26、The relatively low value of brown coal, which contains far more water than black coal, reflects its low heating value. It is used primarily for power generation and it is typically only transported over short distances. Not only does its low value make transport uneconomic but also the coal is prone
27、 to ignite spontaneously. There are two main types of black coal, thermal (or thermal) coal and coking (or metallurgical) coal, although there is some overlap in terms of coal use. The main use for thermal coal is as a fuel in power generation. The coal is burned, producing steam that is then used t
28、o drive turbines and generate electricity. Other industrial users of thermal coal include the cement industry and brick manufacturing. The overall demand for thermal coal depends overwhelmingly on the demand for electricity and the share of coal among the fuels for power generation. Coal fired power
29、 stations generate about 40% of world electricity output. The demand for coking coal is heavily dependent on levels of steel production. Trends in the demand for and output of pig iron and steel are prime determinants of global demand for coke, which is manufactured from coking coal. The demand for
30、coking coal is also determined by the overall output of steel and by changes in steel production methods. Changes in the relative prices of electricity and coking coal, and the ready availability of steel scrap permit steel production to be switched between blast furnaces and electric arc furnaces.
31、Blast furnaces require coke (made from coking coal) and iron ore as inputs, while electric arc furnaces are primarily scrap recycling operations, and require only minimal amounts of coke. Changes in blast furnace technology also have an effect on the demand for coking coal. A change in the volume of
32、 coke required to produce a given quantity of pig iron can also have a dramatic effect on the demand for coking coal. Coke requirements vary depending on the amount of oil or pulverized coal injected into the blast furnace. DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS Domestic and International Markets Trade
33、Trade in this industry is medium The trade trend is increasing Domestic and International Markets Analysis Global trade in coal is moderate, reflecting the generally broad distribution of the resource. About 13.6% of the volume of coal produced worldwide is traded. The figure is slightly less in ter
34、ms of value, given that most of the coal traded is lower- value thermal coal. International trade in brown coal is negligible. Its high water content and lower heating value make it difficult and costly to transport. Black coal is traded both within and between regions. For example, Canada exports c
35、oking coal to the United States, as well as to countries outside its own region, while the US exports thermal coal to Canada. China exports thermal coal to Japan, which is also within the same North Asian region. Intra-regional trade occurs for a number of reasons. Individual countries may not have
36、coal deposits or may lack a particularly type of coal (say coking coal) even though they have other coal resources. Similarly, if a countrys coal deposits are remote from industries using the coal (steel mills or power generators), it may be more cost effective to import coal to one area, while expo
37、rting it from another. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Global Coal Mining 08 March 2011 Copyright 2011, IBISWorld Inc. 14 Exports The major coal-exporting region is Oceania, which accounts for about 30% of the total volume of coal traded internationally. Australia is the source of almost all of that regions
38、output and exports. Oceania accounts for about 63% of international trade in coking coal and about 19% of international trade in thermal coal. The second largest coal exporting region is South East Asia (26% of global coal exports), where the main producer and exporter is Indonesia. Only thermal coa
39、l is exported and the region accounts for over 34% of the global trade in thermal coal (by volume). Europe is the third major exporting, although much of its trade is intra-regional (for example, Russian coal exports to Germany). Europe accounts for about 15% of the volume of coal exported (about 11
40、% for coking coal and 16% for thermal coal). North America accounts for 9.0% of global coal exports. Its share for coking trade is 25%, while for thermal coal its share is nearly 4.0%). The Africa and Middle East region and South America each account for close to 7.0% of global coal exports. Virtual
41、ly all coal exports from both regions are of thermal coal (primarily from South Africa and Colombia). North Asia accounts for about 2.0% of global coal exports, primarily of thermal coal. China is the only exporter in the region. A little over 4.0% of global coal exports come from India and Central
42、Asia, where Kazakhstan is the only exporter of any size. It exports only thermal coal. At an individual country level, the main coal exporters (by value) are Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Colombia and South Africa. Imports The major coal-importing region is North Asia (about 53% of the total by volu
43、me), where the major importers are Japan, China, South Korea and Taiwan. The region is a major importer of both coking coal and thermal coal. Europe is the second major coal-importing region, accounting for about 22% of the total by volume. A number of countries within Europe are substantial importe
44、rs, notably Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. Substantial volumes of both coking coal and thermal coal are imported. India and Central Asia absorb about 12% of global coal imports. The main importer in this region is India (both thermal coal and coking coal). Key sources of imports inclu
45、de South East Asia (Indonesia), Oceania (Australia) and Africa and the Middle East (South Africa). North America accounts for about 4.0% of global imports, primarily of thermal coal imports by the United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada. About 4.0% of global coal imports also go to South East
46、Asia, where Malaysia and Thailand are substantial importers of thermal coal. The Africa and Middle East region accounts for almost 3.0% of global coal imports. Egypt imports coking coal, while a number of countries import thermal coal. South America accounts for about 2.0% of global coal imports, du
47、e primarily to coking coal imports for Brazils steel industry, while Oceania does not import coal. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Global Coal Mining 08 March 2011 Copyright 2011, IBISWorld Inc. 15 BASIS OF COMPETITION Industry competition is medium Industry competition is increasing Competition in the Globa
48、l Coal Mining industry is primarily based on price. The price relevant to the buyer is the delivered price of the coal, which includes shipping costs. In general, the shorter the distance the coal must be shipped, the lower the shipping cost. Hence, coal producers which are located close their major
49、 markets have a cost advantage. Competition is also based on other factors. Foremost amongst these is quality. Coal with a relatively low level of impurities, such as sulfur, either attracts a price premium or is less likely to suffer volume cuts if demand eases. Low sulfur coal offers the user lower operating costs, as fewer impurities need to be removed in order to comply with environmental regulations. Some quality factors are specific to the type of coal being produced. Purchasers of thermal coal are interested in its calorific value, as this
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